Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Study | Region | Design | Patients (%male) | Age (years) | Detection methods | Prevalence of CVC | Comparison of CVC | Events number HR (95% CI) | Follow-up (years) | Ajustment for covariates | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Takahashi 2013 [5] | Japan | Prospective study | HD 1290 (64.3) | 61 ± 13 | Echocardiography | 57.50% | No. of CVC vs. absence | All-cause death (335): 1.47 (1.05-2.08), one CVC:1.43 (1.02-2.00), two CVC: 2.16 (1.51-3.11); Cardiovascular death (156):2.09 (1.17-3.94), one CVC1.68 (1.01-2.83), two CVC:2.80 (1.63-4.81) |
10 | Age, diabetes, BMI, albumin, creatinine, CRP and LVEF | 8 |
| Raggi 2011 [11] | USA | Prospective study | HD 144 (49.3) | 55.4 ± 14.6 | Echocardiography, EBCT | 57.60% | No. of CVC vs. absence | All-cause death (59); one CVC:1.06 (0.54- 2.08), two CVC:2.12 (1.12 - 4.01) |
5.6 | Age, race, gender, diabetes mellitus status, history of atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease and pulse pressure | 7 |
| Wang 2003 [12] | China | Prospective study | PD 192 (51) | 60 ± 10 (CVC); 53 ± 13 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | 32.30% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (46):2.50 (1.32 to 4.76); Cardiovascular death (23):5.39 (2.16 to 3.48) | 1.49 | Age, male gender, dialysis vintage, diabetes and atherosclerotic | 7 |
| Panuccio 2004 [6] | Italy | Prospective study | HD 202 (55.9) | 65.0 ± 10.6 (CVC); 57.1 ± 15.5 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | 23.27% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (96):1.20 (0.75-1.92); Cardiovascular death (66):1.48 (0.86-2.54) | 3.67 | Age, sex, diabetes, CRP, ADMA, and background CV complications | 7 |
| Varma 2005 [13] | USA | Prospective study | HD 137 (54.7) | 63 ± 15 | Echocardiography | 47.40% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (59):2.48 (1.49-4.13) | 3.5 | Not provided | 5 |
| Mohamed 2013 [14] | USA | Prospective study | 101 (67.3) | 57.7 ± 9.2 (CVC); 46.7 ± 12.9 (no CVC) | Echocardiography, MSCT | 35.64% | One CVC vs. absence | All-cause death (11): 1.37 (0.62-3.05) | 2.85 | Age, gender, and IL-6 | 7 |
| Li 2016 [15] | China | Prospective study | HD 302 (53.6) |
60.9 ± 12.9 (CVC); 55.9 ± 15.8 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | 32.78% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (63):1.88 (1.11-3.19); Cardiovascular death (36): 3.47 (1.76-6.84) |
2 | Age, diabetes, beta- blocker, ACEI or ARB, pre-HD DBP, serum phosphorus, serum albumin, CRP, uric acid, LV systolic dysfunction, and history of CV events and HVC. | 8 |
| Zhong 2011 [16] | China | Prospective study | HD 96 (57.3) | 61 ± 14 (CVC); 52 ± 8 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | 32.29% | Presence vs. absence | Cardiovascular death(12): 3.50 (2.23~ 5.52) | 1.46 | Age, gender, duration of dialysis, diabetes, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and CRP | 6 |
| Wang 2014 [17] | China | Prospective study | PD 112 (61.6) | 71.57 ± 9.52 (CVC); 56.15 ± 15.28 (no CVC) | Echocardiography | Not provided | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (26): 3.139 (1.181-8.345) | 4.18 | Age, diabetes, calcium, phosphorus, rGFR, CRP, and PA | 8 |
| Chen 2016 [18] | China | Prospective study | HD 110 (58.2) | 55.2 ± 1.4 | Echocardiography | 25.50% | Presence vs. absence | All-cause death (25): 1.563 (0.637–3.836); Cardiovascular death (16): 3.80 (1.15-12.558) |
3.5 | Age, gender, albumin, AAC, and 25(OH)D | 7 |
CVC cardiac valve calcification, HR hazard ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence intervals, NOS Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, HD hemodialysis, PD peritoneal dialysis, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, CV cardiovascular, ADMA asymmetric dimethyl arginine, IL-6 interleukin-6, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, DBP diastolic blood pressure, LV left ventricular, rGFR residual glomerular filtration rate, PA prealbumin, AAC aortic arch calcification, EBCT electron beam computerized tomography, MSCT multislice computed tomography