Table 1.

Transcriptome-wide studies of diurnal translation.

First author Year Organism	Light and other environmental conditions	Did the study address the role of the circadian clock?	Methodology to score translation state	Major findings
Jouffe 2013 Mouse liver47	Light-dark (12/12 hr.) cycles with feedings only at night or starvation conditions	Bmal1 knockout and Cry1/Cry2 double knockout	Microarrays of polysomal and total mRNA	1. Two percent of mRNAs are translated with a rhythm unexplained by mRNA abundance.
				2. Rhythmic translation of ribosome biogenesis mRNAs peaks at night.
				3. Rhythmic phosphorylation of pre-initiation complex subunits.
Huang 2013 Fly clock cells in the head 48	Constant darkness after entrainment	Constant conditions	Translating ribosome affinity purification (total RNA-Seq for only a few genes)	1. Translation of most mRNAs peaks around ZT8 or ZT12 (bimodal pattern), while published mRNA levels peak anytime.
				2. Certain mitochondrial proteins preferentially translated during the day, signaling and transcription at night.
				3. Cycles of translation efficiency confirmed in a small number of mRNAs.
Missra 2015 Arabidopsis 46	Light-dark (16/8 hr.) cycles	CCA1 overexpressing strain	Microarrays of three fractions of (non-)polysomal and total mRNA	1. ∼2000 mRNAs with translation cycles, peaks centered around noon or midnight.
				2. Ribosomal and mitochondrial proteins preferentially translated at night.
				3. The clock broadly affects phase and amplitude of translation cycles.
				4. Translational control of clock genes.
Janich 2015 Mouse liver 50	Light-dark (12/12 hr.) cycles; ad libitum feeding	No, only examined day-night timing effects	RPF and total RNA sequencing libraries	1. Rhythmic biosynthesis of core clock proteins is determined by mRNA availability.
				2. 147 rhythmically translated mRNAs. Protein biosynthesis machinery up around dusk and early night.
				3. Translation of uORFs as a novel regulatory mechanism of the clock.
Atger 2015 Mouse liver49	Light-dark (12/12 hr.) cycles; feedings only at night or ad libitum	Bmal1 knockout mice	RPF and total RNA sequencing	1. Rhythmic ribosome footprints are mainly due to mRNA availability.
				2. Disruption of the clock affects translational rhythms for 16 genes.
				3. Mitochondrial proteins preferentially translated at ZT10; translation machinery at ZT17.
				4. Feeding restriction tightens or phase-shifts translation of selected cohorts.
Jang 2015 Human U2OS cells53	Synchronized with dexamethasone	siRNAs targeting ARNTL(BMAL1)	RPF and total RNA sequencing	1. Circadian translational rhythms are bimodal.
				2. 40 genes had oscillations in translation efficiency.
				3. Oscillation in P-body abundance associated with LSMI expression.
Castelo-Szekely 2017 Mouse kidney51	Light-dark (12/12 hr.) cycles; ad libitum feeding	No, only examined day-night timing effects	RPF and RNA sequencing libraries; compare with liver data	1. Translational regulation is organ-specific.
				2. 92 rhythmically translated mRNAs with peaks at ZT4 and ZT16.
				3. Ribosome occupancy is more similar between kidney and liver than mRNA level.

RPF, ribosome protected fragments, ribosome footprints