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. 2018 Jan 26;9:403. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02813-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Large area PFM images of a double box switching region. a Surface topographic image. b OOP PFM image. c IP PFM image. All as-grown BFO nanoplates were observed to have an upward polarisation with the outward radial-quadrant domain structure. d IP PFM and OOP PFM (inset) images acquired after an electric poling. Inset: the upward polarisation in the as-grown state (bright contrast) was switched to a downward one (dark contrast) in the red box area that was scanned by a dc biased tip at +3 V. Simultaneously, IP PFM contrasts within the nanoplates were reversed by the poling, indicting a strong coupling between the OOP and IP polarisations. We note that various irregularly shaped nanoplates exhibit the similar radial-quadrant domain structure. e We attempted additional switching using a dc biased tip at −3 V inside the blue box to confirm the reversible nature of the switching. Scale bars represent 2 μm. The horizontal axes of images are parallel to the crystallographic peudocubic axis [100]