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. 2018 Jan 26;8:1706. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19922-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of hybridization in Basidiomycetes. (1) Haploid (n) mycelia originated from meiospores carrying compatible mating types of two interfertile species met and through hyphal anastomosis they fuse. Plasmogamy occurs and nuclei can migrate. (2) Resulting F1 hybrids are dikaryons/heterokaryons (n + n), carrying both parental nuclei but only one mitochondrial type. (3) Heterokaryotic (n + n) mycelium is the main vegetative and growth phase. When mature, fruit bodies will be produced where karyogamy occurs, producing a diploid cell (2n). (4) After karyogamy, meiosis generates new haploid meiospores (n) that contain an admixture of the parental genomes (F2 hybrids).