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. 2018 Jan 26;8:1621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20004-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Trichostatin A and Vorinostat epigenetically regulate the CSC activities in PDAC cells by modulating the expression of CSC markers Oct-4, SOX-2, and Nanog, time dependently. The effect of (A) SAHA and (B) TSA treatement on the mRNA expression of Oct-4, Sox-2, and Nanog in PANC-1 or MiaPaCa-2 cells at 24 h and 48 h time-point. GAPDH was used as internal control. The relative expression of mRNA is shown as the fold ratio of the density of each sample to the GAPDH density of RT-PCR products. (C) Images of tumor sphere formation in PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells pre-treated with SAHA or TSA. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (D) SAHA and TSA suppresses sphere-forming PANC-1 cells expressing CSC markers. Immunocytochemical analyses of Oct-4 and SOX-2 in sphere-forming PANC-1 cells after treatment with SAHA and TSA for 5 days.