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. 2018 Jan 26;8:1621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20004-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Trichostatin A (1 mg/kg, i.p injection, 3 times/week) suppressed tumor initiation by PANC-1 tumor spheres. PANC-1 tumor spheres (5,000 cells/injection) were subcutaneously injected into the flanks of NOD/SCID mice to establish xenograft model. Bioluminescence was used to track the tumor initiation of PANC-1 cells. Five out of five mice (100%) without treatment showed stable bioluminescent signal indicating the initiation of tumor while only 1 out of 5 (20%) mice showed tumor initiation in TSA treated group.