Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects
| Bilateral hearing impairment | |||
| No (n=8214) |
Yes (n=559) |
P value | |
| Age (years) | 43.6±0.3 | 69.9±0.6 | <0.0001* |
| Average hearing level (dB) | 10.5±0.2 | 57.1±1.5 | <0.0001* |
| Smoking: current smoker (%) | 26.3±1.2 | 19.5±4.5 | 0.0086* |
| Drinking: heavy drinker (%) | 10.3±0.9 | 6.7±2.6 | 0.0311* |
| Routine exercise (%) | 24.9±1.4 | 18.9±3.8 | 0.0052* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.7±0.0 | 23.8±0.2 | 0.3586 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.7±0.2 | 83.7±0.5 | <0.0001* |
| Education: ≥ high school (%) | 73.0±1.8 | 14.6±3.8 | <0.0001* |
| Residential area: urban (%) | 81.1±4.5 | 67.7±8.6 | <0.0001* |
| Income: lower quartile (%) | 14.9±1.5 | 50.0±4.8 | <0.0001* |
| Stress: moderate to severe (%) | 30.4±1.3 | 25.8±5.1 | 0.0937 |
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL) | 18.5±0.2 | 20.2±0.6 | 0.0013* |
| BMD of lumbar spine (g/cm2) | 0.947± 0.002 | 0.841±0.008 | <0.0001* |
| BMD of total femur (g/cm2) | 0.929± 0.002 | 0.799±0.008 | <0.0001* |
| BMD of femoral neck (g/cm2) | 0.778± 0.002 | 0.629±0.008 | <0.0001* |
*P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
BMD, bone mineral density.