Table 4.

Risk of bias summary for non-RCTs (ROBINS-I)

	Preintervention		At intervention	Postintervention
Studies	Bias due to confounding	Bias in selection of participants into the study	Bias in classification of interventions	Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in measurement of outcomes	Bias in selection of the reported result	Overall risk of bias
Arraras 2008a16	M	M	M	M	M	M	Unclear	Low or moderate risk if bias for all domains
Browall 200817	M	M	M	S	M	M	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Dees 200019	S	S	L	M	M	M	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Hurria 200620	M	M	L	M	L	M	Unclear	Low or moderate risk if bias for all domains
Watters 200322	S	M	L	M	L	M	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Gállego Pérez-Larraya 201124	M	M	L	M	S	S	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Minniti 200926	M	M	L	M	L	M	Unclear	Low or moderate risk if bias for all domains
Minniti 201327	M	M	L	M	S	M	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Mohile 201128	S	M	M	Unclear	L	M	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Arraras 2008b29	M	S	Unclear	Unclear	M	M	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Bouvier 200830	S	M	Unclear	Unclear	L	M	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Chang 201231	M	M	L	M	M	M	Unclear	Low or moderate risk if bias for all domains
Caffo 200332	S	S	L	Unclear	M	M	Unclear	Serious risk of bias in at least one domain
Park 201333	M	M	M	M	M	M	Unclear	Low or moderate risk if bias for all domains

C, critical risk; L, low risk; M, moderate risk; S, serious risk.