| Background | Prop./ mean |
Self-reported health | Prop./ mean |
Physical functioning | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | ||||
| 3.72 | (0.98) | 1 to 5 | 0.97 | (1.01) | −4 to 1.5 | ||||
| Mean/ corr. |
SD | Sig | Mean/ corr. |
SD | Sig | ||||
| Parents’ education | Less than high school | 0.13 | 3.45 | (0.94) | *** | 0.14 | 0.69 | (1.14) | *** |
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| High school | 0.34 | 3.63 | (0.94) | 0.32 | 0.92 | (0.93) | |||
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| Some college | 0.28 | 3.79 | (0.98) | 0.28 | 0.98 | (1.05) | |||
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| Bachelor’s or above | 0.25 | 3.92 | (0.99) | 0.26 | 1.17 | (0.84) | |||
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| Family income | $6,999 or less | 0.07 | 3.42 | (0.97) | *** | 0.07 | 0.59 | (1.16) | *** |
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| $7,000 to 11,999 | 0.13 | 3.51 | (0.93) | 0.14 | 0.91 | (0.91) | |||
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| $12,000 to 15,999 | 0.18 | 3.71 | (1.00) | 0.17 | 0.85 | (1.07) | |||
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| $16,000 to 19,999 | 0.20 | 3.76 | (0.96) | 0.21 | 1.02 | (0.93) | |||
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| $20,000 to 24,999 | 0.17 | 3.83 | (0.96) | 0.17 | 0.98 | (1.04) | |||
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| $25,000 to 37,999 | 0.15 | 3.80 | (0.95) | 0.15 | 1.16 | (0.86) | |||
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| $38,000 or more | 0.10 | 3.86 | (1.00) | 0.09 | 1.10 | (1.00) | |||
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| Father’s occupation | Other | 0.24 | 3.71 | (1.00) | 0.24 | 0.98 | (1.03) | *** | |
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| Professional/manager | 0.30 | 3.88 | (0.98) | *** | 0.30 | 1.09 | (0.97) | ||
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| Manual | 0.46 | 3.63 | (0.94) | 0.46 | 0.88 | (0.99) | |||
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| Family home | Own | 0.80 | 3.76 | (0.97) | *** | 0.78 | 1.02 | (0.96) | *** |
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| Rent/other | 0.20 | 3.59 | (1.00) | 0.22 | 0.80 | (1.10) | |||
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| Number of siblings | Mean | 2.97 | −0.05 | *** | 2.97 | −0.04 | *** | ||
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| SD | (2.09) | (2.08) | |||||||
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| Live with both parents | Yes | 0.72 | 3.75 | (0.98) | *** | 0.71 | 1.00 | (0.99) | |
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| No | 0.28 | 3.65 | (0.95) | 0.29 | 0.89 | (1.03) | |||
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| Race | White | 0.76 | 3.78 | (0.91) | *** | 0.77 | 0.99 | (0.93) | *** |
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| Black | 0.10 | 3.48 | (0.96) | 0.10 | 0.87 | (1.18) | |||
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| Hispanic | 0.12 | 3.58 | (1.24) | 0.11 | 0.86 | (1.29) | |||
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| Asian | 0.01 | 3.92 | (1.53) | 0.01 | 1.28 | (0.85) | |||
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| Other | 0.01 | 3.46 | (1.32) | 0.01 | 0.70 | (1.26) | |||
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| Sex | Female | 0.52 | 3.74 | (1.01) | * | 0.51 | 0.94 | (1.07) | *** |
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| Male | 0.48 | 3.70 | (0.94) | 0.49 | 0.99 | (0.94) | |||
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| Age at baseline | Mean | 15.58 | −0.11 | *** | 15.58 | −0.11 | *** | ||
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| SD | (0.68) | (0.67) | |||||||
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| Dropped out before senior year | No | 0.92 | 3.76 | (0.95) | *** | 0.91 | 1.01 | (0.96) | *** |
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| Yes | 0.08 | 3.29 | (1.17) | 0.09 | 0.51 | (1.25) | |||
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| School-level characteristics | |||||||||
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| Type | Public | 0.90 | 3.69 | (0.90) | *** | 0.90 | 0.95 | (0.92) | *** |
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| Catholic | 0.07 | 3.95 | (1.57) | 0.07 | 1.17 | (1.45) | |||
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| Private | 0.03 | 3.94 | (0.95) | 0.03 | 1.03 | (1.21) | |||
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| % minority students | Mean | 16.25 | −0.07 | *** | 16.49 | −0.05 | * | ||
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| SD | (24.21) | (24.80) | |||||||
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| % of students with college-educated parent | Mean | 0.27 | 0.13 | *** | 0.28 | 0.13 | *** | ||
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| SD | (0.18) | (0.19) | |||||||
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| Course offerings in math, science, foreign language, and AP/IB | Don’t offer all advanced courses | 0.59 | 3.70 | (0.99) | *** | 0.58 | 0.97 | (1.02) | *** |
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| Offer all advanced courses | 0.41 | 3.84 | (0.96) | 0.42 | 1.16 | (0.78) | |||
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| Average school test scores | Mean | 39.80 | 0.16 | *** | 40.41 | 0.14 | *** | ||
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| SD | (7.08) | (7.07) | |||||||
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| Baseline skills | |||||||||
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| Locus of control | Mean | 3.56 | 0.14 | *** | 3.59 | 0.15 | *** | ||
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| SD | (0.55) | (0.55) | |||||||
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| Test scores | Mean | 39.5 | 0.19 | *** | 40.04 | 0.22 | *** | ||
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| SD | (13.88) | (14.07) | |||||||
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| Sophomore GPA | Mean | 2.51 | 0.17 | *** | 2.54 | 0.18 | *** | ||
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| SD | (0.69) | (0.70) | |||||||
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| Able to complete college | No | 0.09 | 3.41 | (0.98) | *** | 0.09 | 0.48 | (1.25) | *** |
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| Not sure | 0.19 | 3.49 | (0.85) | 0.18 | 0.81 | (0.90) | |||
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| Yes | 0.72 | 3.83 | (0.99) | 0.73 | 1.06 | (0.94) | |||
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| Adolescent health | |||||||||
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| Disability status | No disability | 0.73 | 3.77 | (0.98) | *** | 0.73 | 1.00 | (0.99) | *** |
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| Physical disability | 0.17 | 3.60 | (0.95) | 0.18 | 0.94 | (0.94) | |||
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| Mental disability | 0.10 | 3.56 | (0.95) | 0.09 | 0.70 | (1.12) | |||
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| Weight status | Healthy weight | 0.91 | 3.76 | (0.96) | *** | 0.90 | 0.99 | (1.00) | *** |
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| Overweight | 0.09 | 3.31 | (1.00) | 0.10 | 0.76 | (0.98) | |||
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| Emotional distress | Never | 0.36 | 3.85 | (0.96) | *** | 0.37 | 1.06 | (0.93) | *** |
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| Once a month | 0.32 | 3.75 | (0.95) | 0.31 | 0.97 | (1.00) | |||
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| More than once | 0.32 | 3.55 | (0.99) | 0.32 | 0.85 | (1.07) | |||
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| Skill development | |||||||||
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| Change in locus of control | Mean | 0.16 | 0.02 | *** | 0.14 | 0.01 | ~ | ||
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| SD | (0.58) | (0.57) | |||||||
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| Change in test scores | Mean | 4.38 | 0.05 | ** | 4.70 | 0.07 | * | ||
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| SD | (6.93) | (6.84) | |||||||
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| Change in GPA | Mean | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.02 | ||||
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| SD | (0.49) | (0.49) | |||||||
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| Postsecondary experiences | |||||||||
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| Delayed entry | No | 0.89 | 3.73 | (0.98) | *** | 0.88 | 1.00 | (0.98) | ** |
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| Yes | 0.11 | 3.65 | (0.96) | 0.12 | 0.75 | (1.10) | |||
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| Attainment by 92 | Never attended college | 0.29 | 3.42 | (0.90) | *** | 0.26 | 0.62 | (1.02) | *** |
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| Attended college without earning a degree | 0.22 | 3.73 | (0.93) | 0.21 | 1.04 | (0.88) | |||
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| Associate’s degree | 0.20 | 3.72 | (0.97) | 0.21 | 0.87 | (1.05) | |||
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| Bachelor’s degree from nonselective school | 0.22 | 3.99 | (0.97) | 0.24 | 1.24 | (0.79) | |||
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| Bachelor’s degree from selective school | 0.07 | 4.16 | (0.93) | 0.08 | 1.37 | (0.42) | |||
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| Occupational characteristics | |||||||||
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| Working in 92 | No | 0.11 | 3.58 | (1.08) | *** | 0.11 | 0.68 | (1.25) | *** |
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| Yes | 0.89 | 3.74 | (0.96) | 0.89 | 1.00 | (0.96) | |||
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| Physical demands | Mean | 1.80 | −0.04 | ** | 1.79 | −0.01 | *** | ||
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| SD | (0.93) | (0.92) | |||||||
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| Wage percentile rank | Mean | 42.56 | 0.16 | *** | 43.75 | 0.17 | *** | ||
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| SD | (30.73) | (30.74) | |||||||
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| n | 6,850 | 2,990 | |||||||
Note:
***
signifies that the average self-reported health status or physical functioning differs significantly (p < .001) across the variable.