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A representative action potential (AP) depicting the corresponding extent of Na+ channel inactivation (gray dashed line) with labeled absolute (ARP) and relative (RRP) refractory periods. Stimulation immediately after the initial AP results in shortened APs with reduced peak membrane potential (Vm) and peak Na+ current (INa). Once the Na+ channels have recovered sufficiently, they may be reactivated to elicit another full strength AP.
