FIGURE 2.

Summary of our current findings. Previous approaches which aimed to improve CVD risk focussed on pharmaceutical increases of HDL-C concentrations. These approaches have largely been met with failure due in part to the inherent complexity of the HDL particle which displays diverse function and heterogeneity. We propose that future approaches should focus on targeted increases in HDL3, which we suggest as the functionally superior HDL subclass; using reconstituted HDL, containing increased concentrations of protective apoAI and S1P; and overall a focus on improvement of HDL function without necessarily raising HDL-C.