Table 2.
Study characteristics
| Author/ year of publica-tion | Population | IHS criteria/Sjaastad | Blin-ding Y/N |
Device and outcome | PPT sites | Reported confounders | Outcome: PPT values kPa (sd) in headache versus controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache type | Control, matching,Setting | Age: mean (sd) | F/M | Electronic/ mechanical | Probe size | Out-come | Relevant cervical site | Extra cephalic site | ||||||
| Engstrom [17] Norway |
Migraine n = 33 |
n = 34 Open population |
Migraine: sleep-related 39.4 (14.3) Not sleep- related 33.9 (11.4 Controls: 39.6 (13.7) |
F/M | ICHD II | Y | Electronic algometer type II, Somedic Sales AB, Sweden | 1 cm2 | kPa/s | trapezius muscle, splenius muscle | distal phalanx middle finger | gender, age,interictal, medication | Average mean PPT score of m. splenius, m. trapezius, M. temporalis, and distal phalanx middle finger . Sleep- related migraine: 586 (141) p < 0.05 Not sleep-related migraine: (519) (125) p < 0.05 Controls: 661 (249) |
|
| Engstrom [16] Norway |
Migraine n = 50 |
n = 34 Open population |
Migraine: interictal: 36.4 (12.9) pre-ictal 41.7 (11.3) post-ictal 41.1 (11.2) Controls: 39.6 (13.7) | F/M | ICHD II | Y | Electronic algometer type II,Somedic Sales AB, Sweden. | 1 cm2 | kPa/s | trapezius muscle, splenius muscle | distal phalanx middle finger | gender, age, fibromyalgia, ictal, medication | Average mean PPT score of m. splenius, m. trapezius, m. temporalis, and distal phalanx middle finger Interictal migraine: 549 (135) NS Pre-ictal migraine: 582 (194) NS Post-ictal migraine: 539 (70) NS Controls 661 (249) |
|
| Engstrom [18] Norway |
Migraine n = 53 ETTH n = 20 |
n = 34 Matched on age and gender, Open population | M: 38.2 (12.0) ETTH 40.9(13.5) Controls M: 39.6 (13.7) Controls ETTH 41.2 (13.6) | F/M | ICHD II | Y | Electronic Algometer type II, Somedic Sales AB, Sweden | 1 cm2 | kPa/s | trapezius muscle, splenius muscle | distal phalanx middle finger | gender, age, interictal, medication | Average mean PPT score of m. splenius, m. trapezius, m. temporalis, and distal phalanx middle finger Total Migraine (n = 33) 549 (135) NS Total TTH (n = 20) 543 (191) NS Sleep migraine (n = 15): 586 (141) NS CTTH (n-8) 506 (215) p < 0.05 Non sleep migraine (n = 18): 519 (125) p < 0.05 ETTH (n-12) 598 (144) NS Controls (n = 34) 661 (249) |
|
| Fernandez de las Penas [19] Spain |
Unilateral Migraine n = 25 |
n = 25 Hospital |
Migraine: 32 (7) Controls: 31 (9) | F/M | ICHD II | Y | A pressure algometer connected to a sensor recording pressure | 1 cm2 | kg/cm2 | trapezius muscle | gender, age, interictal, medication | Trapezius muscle Migraine; Female Symptomatic side 137.3 (39.2) p < 0.001 Non Symptomatic side 176.5 (39.2 p < 0.01 Controls: Symptomatic side 235.4 (39.2) Non-symptomatic side 235.4 (49) Migraine,; Male Symptomatic side 186.3 (58.8) p < 0.001 Non symptomatic side235.4 (58.8) p < 0.01 Controls Symptomatic side 264.8 (39.2) Non symptomatic side274.6 (39.2) |
||
| Fernandez de las Penas [20] Spain |
Unilateral Migraine n = 20 CTTH n = 20 |
n = 20 Matched on age and gender, Hospital | Unilateral migraine: 37.9 CTTH: 39. 8 Controls: 37.8 |
F | ICHD II | Y | Electronic algometer (Somedico type 2, Sollentuna, Sweden) | 1 cm2 | kPa/s | trapezius muscle, sub-occipital insertions, levator scapula muscle | gender, age, interictal, medication, fibromyalgia/WAD | Trapezius muscle CTTH Left: 246.3 (58.5) p < 0.001 Right: 257.5 (56.9) p < 0.001 Migraine Symptomatic side 276.1 (53.4)p < 0.001 Non-symptomatic side287.1 (84.3)p < 0.001 Controls Left:337.5 (33.1) Right: 338.3 (29.9) |
Suboccipital region =suboccipital insertions CTTH Left 164.6 (33.1) p < 0.001 Right 172.3 (38.5) p < 0.001 Migraine Symptomatic 240.3 (50.5) p > 0.001 Non-symptomatic side 253.5 (54.1) p < 0.001 Controls Left 333.2 (42.8) Right 344.3 (41.4) |
|
| Filatova [6] Russia |
chronic migraine n = 25 CTTH n = 25 Mixed headache n = 19 |
n = 18 Headache Center |
CTTH+ chronic migraine + mixed headache :40.1 (12.3) Controls: 43.1(18.1) |
F/M | ICHD II | N | Hand-held pressure algometer (Commander Algo-meterTM, JTech) | not repor- ted |
lb/cm | trapezius muscle, C2 | gender, age, ictal, medication, fibromyalgia/WAD | Average mean PPT score of forehead V1, temple, parietal area, posterior neck/C2, shoulder/trapezius CTTH + Chronic migraine): 284.4 (88.3) p < 0.005 Controls: 362.8 (117.7) |
||
| Florencio [21] Brazil |
Migraine n = 30 |
n = 30 Matched on gender (females) Headache Center |
Migraine: 37 Controls: 32 |
F | ICHD III | Y | Digital manual dynamo-meter(DDK-10 Kratos) | 1 cm2 | kg/cm2 | trapezius muscle, SCM muscle, sub-occipital muscles, levator scapula muscle, scaleni muscle | gender, age, interictal, medication, fibromyalgia/WAD | Trapezius muscle Migraine: Both sides 245.2 (9.8) p = 0.046 Controls Both sides 274.6 (19.6) |
Suboccipital region =suboccipital muscles Migraine Both sides: 156.9 (9.8) p < 0.05 Controls Both sides: 235.4 (9.8) |
|
| Grossi [22] Brazil |
Episodic migraine n = 15 Chronic migraine n = 14 |
n = 15 Headache Center |
Episodic migraine: 36.3 (10.3) Chronic Migraine: 38.0 (10.4) controls: 39.9 (10.5) | F | ICHD II | Y | Digital manual dynamometer (DDK-10, Kratos) | 1 cm2 | kg/cm2 | trapezius muscle, trapezius insertion SCM, | gender, age, medication, fibromyalgia/WAD | Trapezius muscle Episodic migraine Left 250 (91.2) p < 0.05 Right 263.8 (99)) p < 0.05 Chronic migraine Left 260.9 (82.4) p < 0.05 Right 290.3 (93.2) NS Controls Left 325.6 (95.1) Right 342.3 (81.4) |
Suboccipital region (=trapezius insertion) Episodic migraine Left 224.6 (68.7) NS Right 222.6 (92.2) NS Chronic migraine Left 241.2 (79.4)NS Right 257.9 (85.3)NS Controls Left283.4 (72.6) Right285.4 (87.3) |
|
| Uthaikhup [23] Australia |
Migraine n = 26 ETTH n = 10 CeH n = 24 unclassifiablen = 33 |
n = 44 Open population and University Community |
Migraine: 66.6 (4.8) ETTH: 65.3 (4.5) CeH: 65.4 (4.7) Unclassifiable: 66.2 (4.4) controls: 66.4 (4.1) | F/M | ICHD II and Sjaastad | not reported | Electronic algometer (Somedic AB, Farsta, Sweden) | 1 cm2 | kPa/s | bilaterally over the articular pillars of the cervical segment C2–3 | tibialis anterior | gender, age, medication, fibromyalgia | The articular pillars of the cervical segment C2–3 Migraine: ETTH: 238.2 (104) NS180.7 (85) NS CeH: Unclassifiable headache: 242.4 (105.0)NS 210.6 (113.9) NS Controls: 243.2 (105.9) |
|
| Zito [24]. Australia |
Migraine n = 25 CeH n = 27 |
n = 25 Hospital, GP, PT and controls in open population |
Migraine: 22.9 (3.5) CeH: 25.3 (3.9) Controls: 22.9(3.5), |
F | ICHD II and Sjaastad | Y | Pressure algometer (PD&T—Italy) | 1 cm2 | kg/cm2 | C2 the trans-verse process of C4 and the C2/3 zygapophyseal joint | gender, age, interictal | C2 GONTransverse process C4C2/3 zygapoph. Joint Migraine:294.2 (107.9) NS441.3 (196.1) NS 372.7 (117.7) p < 0.05323.6 (117.7) NS CeH:323.6 (107.9) NS 421.7 (137.3) NS 382.5 (107.9) p < 0.05333.4 (98.1) NS Controls: 313.8 (98.1) 480.5 (156.9) NS 441.3 (117.7) 353 (107.9) |
||
| Ashina [25] Denmark |
CTTH n = 20 |
n = 20 Matched on age, gender, body weight and height, blood pressure Hospital |
CTTH: 46 (11) (26–63) Controls: 46 (12) (26–62) | F/M | ICHD II | N | Electronic algometer Somedic AB, Horby, Sweden | 0.5 cm2 | kPa/s. | trapezius muscle | tibialis anterior | gender, age, ictal, medication | Trapezius muscle. CTTH: 390 (39) P < 0.05 Controls: 519 (38) |
|
| Engstrom [26] Norway |
CTTH n = 12 ETTH n = 8 |
n = 20 Matched on age and gender Open population |
TTH: 41.2 (13.6) Controls: 40.9 (13.5) | F/M | ICHD II | Y | Electronic Algometer type II, Somedic Sales AB, Sweden | 1 cm2 | kPa/s | trapezius muscle, splenius muscle | distal phalanx middle finger | gender, age, ictal, medication, fibromyalgia | Average mean PPT score of m. splenius, m. trapezius, m. temporalis, and distal phalanx middle finger CTTH: 506 (215) p < 0.05 ETTH: 598 (144) NS Controls 678 (251) |
|
| Fernandez de las Penas [28] Spain | CTTH n = 20 | n = 20 Matched on age and gender Hospital | CTTH: 36 (11)), controls: 35 (9) | F/M | ICHD II | Y | Mechanical pressure algometer | 1 cm2 | kg/cm2. | trapezius muscle | gender, age, ictal, medication | Trapezius muscle CTTH Left 147.1 (39.2) Right 137.3 (39.2) Controls Left 245.2 (49) p < 0.001 Right 255 (49) p < 0.001 |
||
| Fernandez de las Penas [27] Spain |
CTTH n = 25 |
n = 25 Hospital |
CTTH: 41 (14) Controls 39 (13) | F/M | ICHD II | Y | Mechanical pressure algometer | 1 cm2 | kg/cm2 | trapezius muscle | gender, age, ictal, medication | Trapezius muscle CTTH Left 147.1 (49) p < 0.001 Right 142.2 (49) p < 0.001 Controls Left 235.4 (49) Right 254.2 (39.2) |
||
| Peddireddy [29] Denmark |
CTTH n = 30 | n = 30 Matched on age and gender Open Population |
CTTH male 48.4 (7.9) female 44.8 (3.2) Controls: male 50.8 (1.4) and female 44.8 (2.2) |
F/M | ICHD II | Y | Electronic algometer (Somedic AB, Stockholm, Sweden) | 1 cm2 | kPa/s | splenius capitis muscle | gender, age, ictal, medication | No exact PPT retrievable from text, figures or tables. The PPT of scalenus muscle did not significantly differ between CTTH and controls |
||
| Tüzün [30] Turkey |
CTTH n = 35 |
n = 70 Matched on gender University students |
CTTH: 18.9 (1.2) Controls: 19.2 (1.7) | F/M | ICHD II | N | Handheld algometer (Pain Diagnostic and Thermo-graphy,USA) | 1 cm2 | kg/cm2 | trapezius muscle, sub-occipital muscles | gender, age, interictal, medication | Trapezius muscle CTTH: left: 470.7 (166.7) p = 0.002 Right: 529.5 (176.5) p < 0.001 Controls: Left 666.8 (284.3) Right 686.4 (284.3) |
Suboccipital region =suboccipital muscles CTTH: Left 264.8 (68.7) p < 0.001 Right 294.2 (88.3) p < 0.0001 Controls: Left 353 (112.8) Right 372.7 (107.9) |
|
| Chua [31] Nether-lands |
CeH n = 17 Non CeH n = 10 |
n = 27 Matched on age and gender Hospital |
CeH: 50.6 (11.1) Non CeH:54.5 (7.9) Pain free:52.1 (10.4) |
F/M | Sjaastad | Y | Electronic algometer Somedic Production AB, Farsta, Sweden | 1 cm2 | kPa/s | sterno-cleido- mastoideas greater occipital nerve, C4–5 zygopo-physisial joint | gender, age fibromyalgie, medication | Average mean PPT score of sterno-cleido- mastoideas, greater occipital nerve, and C4–5 zygopo-physisial joint CeH painful side 935 (256) non painful side 937 (332) p < 0.001 Non CeH painful side 1109 (465) non painful side 1114 (522) p < 0.001 Controls 497 (215) |
||
PPT pressure pain threshold, IHS International Headache Society, ETTH episodic tension-type headache, CTTH chronic tension-type headache, CeH cervicogenic headache, NS not significant, p > 0.05