Table 1.

Aspergillus fumigatus non-ribosomal peptides containing aromatic amino acids (AAAs) in their peptide structure.

Toxin	AAAa	Interaction with hostb-i
Fumigaclavine Cb	Tryptophan (Trp)	Downregulation of Th1 cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17A. Induction of host cell apoptosis Decrease activation of caspase-1
Fumiquinazoline Cc	Anthranilate Trp	Cytotoxic
Fumisoquind	Tyrosine	Nothing reported
Fumitremorgine Tryprostatin Af Verruculogeng	Trp	Neurotoxic and produces tremors in mice Tryprostatin causes the inhibition of microtubule assembly Verruculogen causes modification of the electrophysiological properties of HNEC
Gliotoxinh	Phenylalanine	Virulent in a steroid murine model of IPA Induction of host cell apoptosis and causes epithelial cell damage Inhibition of phagocytosis and oxidative bursts
Hexadehydroastechromei	Trp	Overexpression resulted in a significantly higher virulence in a neutropenic murine model of IPAb

IPA, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; HNEC, human nasal epithelial cells.

^aOnly the AAA is designated. Other amino acids are also in the structure of these metabolites.

^b–iBiosynthesis and host interactions based from the following sources: ^b(11, 12); ^c(13); ^d(14); ^e(15, 16); ^f(17); ^g(18, 19); ^h(7, 20); ⁱ(21, 22).