Table 1.
Identification of MMTV sequences in breast cancer and comparison non-cancer breast specimens (case–control studies).
| Reference | Location | Diagnosis | Non-cancer controls | Specimen identification technique | MMTV positive/total cancer specimens | MMTV positive/total non-cancer specimens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang et al. (15) | US | Invasive | Normal breast | Frozen PCR | 121/314 (38.5%) | 2/107 (2%) |
| ISH | ||||||
| Etkind et al. (23) | US | Invasive | Normal breast | Frozen PCR | 27/73 (37%) | 0/35 (0%) |
| ISH | ||||||
| Melana et al. (24) | US | Invasive | Adjacent normal breast | Formalin PCR | 32/106 (30%) | 1/106 (1%) |
| ISH | ||||||
| Melana et al. (25) | Argentina | Invasive | Frozen PCR | 23/74 (31%) | 1/10 (10%) | |
| Ford et al. (26) | Australia | DCIS | Benign | Formalin PCR | DCIS 5/19 (26%) | 2/111 (2%) |
| Invasive | IDC 14/26 (54%) | |||||
| Ford et al. (20) | Australia | Invasive | Normal | Formalin. in situ PCR | 45/144 (31%) | 0/20 (0%) |
| DCIS | ISH | 2/8 (25%) | ||||
| Zammarchi et al. (27) | Italy | Invasive | Adjacent normal breast | Frozen PCR | 13/43 (30%) | 1/8 (12.5%) |
| Microdissection | ||||||
| Bindra et al. (28) | Sweden | Invasive | Adjacent normal breast | Frozen PCR | 0/18 (0%) | 0/11 (0%) |
| Hachana et al. (29) | Tunisia | Invasive | Adjacent normal breast | Frozen PCR | 17/122 (14%) | 0/122 (0%) |
| Mazzanti et al. (21) | Italy | DCIS | Normal cosmetic | Formalin PCR, in situ PCR, ISH | 40/49 (82%) | 0/20 (0%) |
| Invasive | 7/20 (35%) | |||||
| Lawson et al. (30) | Australia | DCIS | Normal cosmetic | Formalin PCR, in situ PCR | 33/74 (45%) | 0/29 (0%) |
| Invasive | ||||||
| Glenn et al. (22) | Australia | Invasive | Normal cosmetic | Frozen PCR: in situ PCR | 39/50 (78%) | 13/40 (33%) |
| Slaoui et al. (31) | Morocco | Invasive | Adjacent normal breast | Formalin PCR | 24/57 (42%) | 6/18 (33%) |
| Cedro-Tanda et al. (32) | Mexico | Invasive | Adjacent normal breast | Frozen | 57/458 (12%) | 72/458 (16%) |
| PCR | ||||||
| Reza et al. (33) | Iran | Invasive | Adjacent normal breast | Formalin | 12/100 (12%) | 0/100 (0%) |
| DCIS | PCR | |||||
| Naushad et al. (34) | Pakistan | Invasive | Normal | Formalin PCR | 83/250 (29%) | 0/15 (0%) |
| Shariatpanahi et al. (35) | Iran | Invasive | Benign | Formalin PCR | 19/59 (32%) | 3/59 (5%) |
DCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ISH, in situ hybridization; MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus.