Table 3.

Bovine leukemia virus and human breast cancer.

Reference	Breast specimens	Diagnosis	Non-cancer controls	Identification technique	Bovine leukemia virus positive breast cancer (%)	Bovine leukemia virus positive non-cancer controls (%)
Giovanna et al. (112)	Columbia	Invasive breast cancers	Benign breast tissues	Standard PCR	19/53 (36%)	24/53 (45%)
Buehring et al. (114)	US	Invasive breast cancers	Normal breast tissues	In situ PCR	67/114 (59%)	30/104 (29%)
Buehring et al. (115)	Australia	Invasive breast cancers	Benign breast tissues	In situ PCR	40/50 (80%)	19/46 (41%)
Baltzell et al. (116)	US	Invasive breast cancers	Benign breast tissues	In situ PCR	35/61 (57%)	20/103 (20%)
Gillet et al. (118)	US	Invasive breast cancers	Normal next to breast cancer	Whole-genome sequencing	0/51	0/19