Table 1. Puma subordination.

Evidence of puma subordination to sympatric apex carnivores, the number of sources (n) supporting the conjecture, and the citations of the sources.

Species pairing	n	NLC	LC
Wolf dominant over puma	18	Puma spatial displacement: Riley, Nesslage & Maurer (2004), Kortello, Hurd & Murray (2007), Bartnick et al. (2013), Lendrum et al. (2014) Puma displacement at carcasses and kleptoparasitism of puma kills: USFW (1995), Ruth & Hornocker (1996), Kunkel et al. (1999), Hornocker Wildlife Institute (2001), Akenson, Akenson & Quigley (2005), Kortello, Hurd & Murray (2007), Ruth & Buotte (2007), Elbroch et al. (2017c), Puma prey switching due to wolves: Kortello, Hurd & Murray (2007), Bartnick et al. (2013), Elbroch et al. (2015)	Direct killing of pumas: Schmidt & Gunson (1985), White & Boyd (1989), Boyd & Neal (1992), Kunkel et al. (1999), Jimenez et al. (2006), Kortello, Hurd & Murray (2007), Ruth (2004a), Ruth & Buotte (2007), Elbroch et al. (2015) Puma starvation attributed to competition: Ruth (2004a), Kortello, Hurd & Murray (2007) and Elbroch et al. (2015)
Grizzly bear dominant over puma	4	Puma displacement at carcasses and kleptoparasitism of puma kills: Murphy et al. (1998), Ruth & Buotte (2007); LM Elbroch & HB Quigley, 2018, unpublished data	Direct killing of pumas: Ruth (2004b)
Black bear dominant over puma	6	Puma displacement at carcasses and kleptoparasitism of puma kills Murphy et al. (1998), Ruth (2004b), Allen et al. (2014a), Elbroch et al. (2014) and Allen et al. (2015)	Direct killing of pumas: LM Elbroch & HB Quigley, 2018, unpublished data (black bear killed and consumed three kittens in same litter)
Jaguar dominant over puma	15	Spatial and temporal displacement of pumas: Schaller & Crawshaw Jr (1980), Emmons (1987), Scognamillo et al. (2003), Moreno, Kays & Samudio Jr (2006),De Azevedo (2008), Harmsen et al. (2009), Paviolo et al. (2009), Romero-Munoz et al. (2010), Sollmann et al. (2012), Palomares et al. (2016), Palomares et al. (2017) Change in puma diet when sympatric with jaguars: Moreno, Kays & Samudio Jr (2006)	Direct killing of pumas: Crawsha Jr & Quigley (1984), Crawshaw & Quigley (1991), Harmsen et al. (2009), Ruth & Murphy (2010), De Oliveira & Pereira (2014)
Coyote dominant over puma	3	Puma displacement at carcasses and kleptoparasitism of puma kills: Harrison (1990), Stanford (2013)	Direct killing of pumas: Logan & Sweanor (2001)

Notes.

NLC

non-lethal competition

LC

lethal competition