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. 2018 Jan 23;9:24. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00024

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Copyright © 2018 Shahzad, Khan, Bilal, Asaf and Lee.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Conceptual view of mechanisms of action and vertical transmission of seed endophytic microbiota. (A) The schematic presentation shows the isolation of seed-borne endophytic microbes, and their application in promoting plant growth and stress resistance. (B) A holistic view of the vertical transmission of seed-borne endophytes. This suggests that endophytes are found in seed embryos and grow into the emerging leaf upon germination; the endophytes then migrate into the stem and seed head of reproductive plants via various pathways.