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. 2018 Jan 23;9:16. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00016

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on action potential duration and Ca transient alternans. (A,B) Representative traces and data showing the change in action potential duration (APD) with sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS). CL, cycle length. (C) Representative optical action potential recordings during pacing at a 120 ms cycle length and average cycle length relationships for the magnitude of APD alternans at baseline (black) and during SNS (red). (D) Data showing the change in the APD alternans threshold with SNS. (E,F) Representative trace showing the change in Ca transient kinetics with SNS and data demonstrating the effects of SNS on the time constant (tau) of Ca transient decay. (G) Representative optical Ca transient recordings during pacing at a 120 ms cycle length and average cycle length relationships for the magnitude of the Ca alternans ratio at baseline and during SNS. (H) Data showing the change in the Ca alternans threshold with SNS. Data taken from a 3 x 3 pixel region in the basal left ventricle. Data represent mean ± SEM. Paired Student's t-tests; ***p < 0.001. (n = 11–13 hearts).