Fig. 2.

Comparison between marker-assisted (top row) and genomic selection (bottom row) approaches employing markers linked with the Glu-1 loci (pale points) and de novo identified marker-trait associations (dark points), where each point represents a training by validation population by trait combination. Results are shown for the fourfold cross-validation within estimation set used for the GWAS (a, d), prediction of the validation set of the 20% of lines left-out for the GWAS (b, e), and the forward prediction of the three independent validation populations 2014–2016 (c, f). The average across all combinations for methods including the Glu-1 loci (cross) and the de novo identified marker-trait associations (square) is also displayed