Table 2. Colony forming units of Akkermansia muciniphila, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters before and after intervention between and within groups .
| Variable | The study groups | P value ** | ||||
| Butyrate (n=15) | Inulin (n=15) | Butyrate+ Inulin (n=14) | Placebo (n=15) | |||
|
LnCFU Akkermansia muciniphila |
Before | 8.51±2.84 | 7.26±3.67 | 8.60±3.38 | 8.57±2.42 | 0.013 |
| After | 10.81±3.43 | 9.94±3.35 | 10.05±2.52 | 8.95±2.94 | ||
| P * | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.160 | 0.210 | ||
| % Change | 27.29 (13.72-61.39) | 39.92 (4.99-124.79) | 30.07 (-39.73-82.64) | 21.48 (-31.80-51.52) | ||
| hsCRP (mg/L) | Before | 4.33±1.11 | 5.45±2.28 | 3.89±1.14 | 5.40±2.01 | <0.001 |
| After | 2.98±1.02 | 3.80±1.38 | 2.44±1.01 | 5.91±2.15 | ||
| P * | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.027 | ||
| % Change | -31.04 (-57.60-4.75) | -25.63 (-69.79-44.59) | -34.25 (72.53-10.50) | 14.19 (18.60-100) | ||
| MDA (nmol/mL) | Before | 5.35±1.69 | 6.40±2.09 | 6.68±2.27 | 5.11±2.02 | <0.001 |
| After | 3.94±1.58 | 6.13±1.93 | 5.51±2.17 | 5.39±1.57 | ||
| P * | <0.001 | 0.045 | 0.009 | 0.180 | ||
| % Change | -25.74 (-56.76-0.67) | -3.39 (-17.51-11.01) | -12.31 (-34.95-13.11) | 11.09 (-11.81-62.90) | ||
Abbreviations: CFU: colony forming units, hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, MDA: malondialdehyde.
* P value reported based on paired t-test. **P value reported based on ANCOVA (adjusted on baseline value, baseline BMI & diastolic blood pressure). P< 0.05 statistically significant.