a, Clinical information of patients from whom the gut biopsies were collected. b, Method to isolate IEC fraction, lamina propria fraction and LPL from human gut biopsies. c, qPCR analysis of human NLRP9 inflammasome components in IEC fraction, lamina propria fraction, LPL and PBMC, which are isolated according to b. VILLIN1 is an IEC marker, and CD45 is a haematopoietic marker. d, Expression of indicated genes were measured by qPCR in human IEC organoids and select cell lines (mean ± s.e.m., Student’s t-test, ***P < 0.001).