Table 5. Glycoalbumin, HbA1c, and indices of insulin secretion and insulin resistance at each visit.

		Baseline			4 weeks			8 weeks			12 weeks (after washout period)
		MEAN	SEM	pa	MEAN	SEM	pa	MEAN	SEM	pa	MEAN	SEM	pa
Glycoalbumin (%)
	Placebo group	13.5	0.1	0.838	13.6	0.1	0.670	13.4	0.1	0.288	13.5	0.1	0.520
	LcS group	13.4	0.2		13.5	0.2		13.2 b	0.2		13.3	0.2
HbA1c (%)
	Placebo group	5.79	0.04	0.454	5.76	0.04	0.603	5.75	0.04	0.306	5.75	0.04	0.208
	LcS group	5.74	0.04		5.73	0.05		5.69 c	0.05		5.67 d	0.05
Fasting insulin (μU/ml)
	Placebo group	7.9	0.5	0.917	7.8	0.4	0.819	7.7	0.5	0.806	7.5	0.6	0.771
	LcS group	8.0	0.5		7.9	0.5		7.5	0.4		7.3	0.4
HOMA-IR
	Placebo group	2.17	0.15	0.973	2.14	0.12	0.906	2.09	0.14	0.802	2.12	0.18	0.588
	LcS group	2.18	0.13		2.16	0.13		2.04	0.11		2.00	0.12
HOMA-β
	Placebo group	61.3	4.2	0.736	59.6	3.4	0.583	60.2	3.8	0.941	55.0	3.3	0.684
	LcS group	63.2	3.5		62.3	3.7		59.8	3.0		56.9	3.4
Matsuda Index
	Placebo group	4.12	0.36	0.735	4.01	0.24	0.915	4.35	0.30	0.794	4.33	0.27	0.638
	LcS group	3.97	0.22		3.97	0.24		4.24	0.25		4.55	0.38
Insulinogenic Index
	Placebo group	0.43	0.03	0.998	0.47	0.04	0.713	0.44	0.04	0.687	0.46	0.04	0.917
	LcS group	0.43	0.03		0.49	0.04		0.47	0.04		0.47	0.04

LcS: L. casei strain Shirota YIT 9029; HOMA: homeostatic model assessment.

^ap values analysed by the unpaired Student’s t-test.

^b–dMean values were significantly different from those at baseline (paired Student’s t-test with Bonferroni-Holm adjustment). The p values were as follows: ^bp=0.002; ^cp=0.006; ^dp=0.000.