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. 2018 Jan 24;9:47. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00047

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Copyright © 2018 Yamazaki, Nagashima, Ninomiya, Ainai, Fujimoto, Ichimonji, Takagi, Morita, Murotani, Hasegawa, Chiba and Akashi-Takamura.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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HD protects mice from influenza virus infection in the upper respiratory tract. (A) HD was conducted in BALB/c mice 8 h after intranasal infection (1,000 PFU/2 μl, each nostril). At 3 days post-infection, the virus titer in nasal wash specimens was determined by an MDCK plaque assay. Data were analyzed using a non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test (p = 0.0091). (B) HD for anti-HA IgG was conducted in BALB/c mice and after 1 day, nasal wash specimens were obtained under serum-excluding conditions and analyzed for the concentration of anti-HA IgG by ELISA. (C) HD for anti-HA IgA was conducted in BALB/c mice after 8 h of virus infection. At 3 days post-infection, the nasal wash was obtained and the secreted HA-specific IgA (anti-HA sIgA) level was measured by ELISA using rabbit anti-mouse polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). Horizontal bar represents the median. The indicated data are representative of two independent experiments.