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. 2018 Jan 24;9:51. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00051

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Copyright © 2018 van der Lee, Hendrikx, Sanders, Berbers and Buisman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of the study groups. Schematic overview of the six blood sampling time points. Children were primed with either whole-cell pertussis (wP) or acellular pertussis (aP) combination vaccines in the first year of life (2, 3, 4, and 11 months of age) and received a diphtheria, tetanus, and aP (DTaP) booster vaccination at 4 years of age, all according to the Dutch national immunization program. Groups of children were sampled cross-sectionally pre-booster, 1 month and 2 years (at 6 years of age) post DTaP booster vaccination at 4 years of age (indicated in red) (25). In addition, children 9 years of age, primed with either wP vaccines (26, 27) or with aP vaccines (NTR4089, Figure E1 and Method S1 in Supplementary Material) received an additional Tdap booster vaccination and were sampled longitudinally before, 1 month, and 1 year after the booster (indicated in green).