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. 2018 Jan 24;9:5. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00005

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Copyright © 2018 Ma, Guo, Zhang, He, Kim, Zhang and Ma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of gut microbes on innate immune receptor. (A) Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 treatment increases IL-10 secretion through the TLR2/TLR6 pathway in human myloid dendritic cell (mDC) and monocyte-derived DC (MDDC), while IL-10 secretion in plasmacytoid DC (pDC) is TLR9 dependent. (B) Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM facilitates murine myeloid DC to express antiviral genes, such as myxovirus resistance 1, interferon (IFN)-β and interferon-stimulated gene 56 (Isg56), via TLR2 pathway. (C) Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii TUA4408L (Ld) response against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) 987P infection in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Acidic extracellular polysaccharide (APS) and neutral extracellular polysaccharide (NPS) of Ld attenuate inflammation dependent on TLR2 and TLR4, respectively. (D) Non-invasive Helicobacter pylori infection in NOD2−/− mice relies on NOD2 signaling to induce Th1 inflammation response. (E) Non-invasive Clostridium difficile infection recruits neutrophils to infection sites via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 (NOD1). (F) Citrobacter rodentium induces inflammation exacerbation in NLRC4−/− mice by producing IL17A and IFN-γ.