Table 1.
Roughness analysis of etched surfacesa.
| Sample type | Ra (nm) | Rq (nm) | Rt (nm) | Rz (nm) | S.A./P.A. | Rskw | Rkur | λa (μm) | λq (μm) | T (μm) | Bactericidal activity against E. coli (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Al 5052 | 20.4 ± 8.1 | 25.7 ± 9.5 | 86.8 ± 35.7 | 41.8 ± 18.7 | 1.0 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | − 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 6 ± 2 |
| 0.1 M NaOH 10 min Al 5052 | 23.2 ± 4.9 | 29.3 ± 5.8 | 106.8 ± 31.8 | 52.2 ± 22.9 | 1.1 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 22 ± 3 |
| 0.1 M NaOH 30 min Al 5052 | 36.7 ± 8.2 | 40.5 ± 9.8 | 155.9 ± 38.7 | 72.8 ± 17.4 | 1.2 ± 0.21 | − 0.4 ± 0.2 | − 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 32 ± 8 |
| 0.1 M NaOH 180 min Al 5052 | 127.6 ± 17.1 | 158.3 ± 17.0 | 569.4 ± 60.4 | 230.6 ± 61.5 | 1.3 ± 0.09 | 1.3 ± 5.6 | − 0.5 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 97 ± 2 |
| 0.5 M NaOH 10 min Al 5052 | 96.8 ± 28.8 | 121.8 ± 36.7 | 425.5 ± 130.9 | 209.0 ± 63.6 | 1.3 ± 0.05 | 1.8 ± 8.8 | − 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 94 ± 5 |
| 0.5 M NaOH 180 min Al 5052 | 135.8 ± 38.6 | 162.4 ± 40.4 | 570.0 ± 120.6 | 256.6 ± 67.8 | 1.3 ± 0.20 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | − 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 96 ± 4 |
| 1 M NaOH 10 min Al 5052 | 154.0 ± 80.5 | 189.0 ± 92.4 | 656.9 ± 293.7 | 287.9 ± 128.2 | 1.2 ± 0.17 | 1.8 ± 6.1 | − 0.4 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 94 ± 5 |
| 1 M NaOH 30 min Al 5052 | 82.1 ± 38.8 | 113.9 ± 64.5 | 307.9 ± 155.9 | 220.0 ± 96.0 | 1.2 ± 0.10 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | − 0.1 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 85 ± 7 |
| Control Al 1200 | 27.8 ± 9.8 | 37.1 ± 13.6 | 128.2 ± 49.4 | 53.2 ± 19.9 | 1.0 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | − 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 5 ± 3 |
| 1 M NaOH 10 min Al 1200 | 319.6 ± 128.5 | 387.9 ± 142.8 | 1282.2 ± 494.7 | 550.1 ± 212.5 | 1.6 ± 0.20 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | − 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 16 ± 7 |
| 1 M NaOH 60 min Al 1200 | 607.6 ± 230.4 | 775.0 ± 314.0 | 2647.4 ± 933.2 | 1180.9 ± 379.9 | 2.1 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | − 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 12 ± 4 |
| 1 M KOH 10 min Al 5052 | 176.3 ± 58.5 | 219.7 ± 68.7 | 705.1 ± 143.8 | 314.8 ± 71.4 | 1.2 ± 0.03 | − 0.3 ± 0.2 | − 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 78 ± 10 |
| 1 M KOH 60 min Al 5052 | 304.8 ± 131.2 | 396.8 ± 159.5 | 1368.0 ± 419.0 | 545.6 ± 158.5 | 1.7 ± 0.20 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | − 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 46 ± 12 |
| Black Ti 5 min [17] | 72.0 ± 20.2 | 92.1 ± 26.2 | 416.1 ± 105.6 | 249.0 ± 74.1 | 1.4 ± 0.09 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | − 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 78 ± 11 |
| Black Ti 10 min [17] | 185.6 ± 20.0 | 232.5 ± 28.2 | 903.5 ± 101.9 | 471.7 ± 73.5 | 3.5 ± 0.60 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | − 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 95 ± 5 |
a
AFM scans of 10 μm × 10 μm, all data are mean ± S.D.