Table 2.

Summary Characteristics of Trials by Implementation Strategy

Implementation Strategy	No. of Studies*	No. of Participants	Mean Age Range, years	Sex Range, % of Male	Mean Baseline SBP Range, mmHg	Mean Baseline DBP Range, mmHg	Duration	Study Design	BP Measurement Methods		Control Categories
									No. of Measurements	Type of Device
Patient-level
Health Coaching	39	10,656	33–74	0–100	124–181	70–105	6 months – 2 years	97% parallel RCTs (30% cluster-randomized); 3% Factorial RCTs	one visit, 2–6 measurements (n=19); two visits, 2 measurements each (n=1); unknown (n=18)	automated (n=15), standard mercury (n=8), automated or standard mercury (n=1), random zero (n=2), unknown (n=12)	46% usual care, 54% minimal education
Home Blood Pressure Monitoring	29	7,966	47–77	21–92	126–170	72–104	6 months – 2 years	100% parallel RCTs (8% cluster-randomized)	one visit, 2–6 measurements (n=15); two visits, 3 measurements each (n=1); nine visits, 1 measurement each (n=1); daytime ambulatory (n=1); routine clinic measurements (n=1); unknown (n=7)	automated (n=13), standard mercury (n=2), random zero (n=1), aneroid (n=1), ambulatory (n=1), device used in clinic (n=3), unknown (n=5)	76% usual care, 24% minimal education
Provider-level
Provider Training	6	17,642	53–67	35–47	127–153	74–96	6 months – 2 years	100% parallel RCTs (100% cluster-randomized)	one visit, 3 measurements (n=2); 24-hour ambulatory (n=1); routine clinic measurements (n=1); unknown (n=2)	automated (n=2), ambulatory (n=1), device used in clinic (n=1), unknown (n=2)	83% usual care, 17% minimal education
Audit and Feedback	2	2,121	61–62	54–64	133–146	73–89	6 months – 2 years	100% parallel RCTs (100% cluster-randomized)	two visits, 2 measurements each (n=1); unknown (n=1)	automated (n=1), unknown (n=1)	50% usual care, 50% minimal education
Electronic Decision Support System	6	8,229	54–69	22–97	136–158	75–89	6 – 18 months	100% parallel RCTs (100% cluster-randomized)	one visit, 2 measurements (n=1); routine clinic measurements (n=4); unknown (n=1)	automated (n=3), device used in clinic (n=2), unknown (n=1)	67% usual care, 33% minimal education
Multilevel
Multilevel Strategy without Team-based Care	8	3,436	53–67	30–100	133–169	73–95	6 months – 2 years	100% parallel RCTs (75% cluster-randomized)	one visit, 2–3 measurements (n=5); two visits, 2 measurements each (n=1); unknown (n=2)	automated (n=6), standard mercury (n=1), unknown (n=1)	63% usual care, 37% minimal education
Team-based Care with Physicians Titrating Medications	20	6,680	47–68	21–99	127–162	76–93	6 – 18 months	100% parallel RCTs (30% cluster-randomized)	one visit, 2–4 measurements (n=8); two visits, 3 measurements each (n=1); 24-hour ambulatory (n=1); routine clinic measurements (n=2); unknown (n=5)	automated (n=7), standard mercury (n=5), random zero (n=1), aneroid (n=1), device used in clinic (n=2), unknown (n=1)	55% usual care, 45% minimal education
Team-based Care with Non-Physician Providers Titrating Medications	11	3,417	41–68	31–100	136–174	76–99	6 months – 5 years	100% parallel RCTs (18% cluster-randomized)	one visit, 1 measurement (n=1); one visit, 2–3 measurements (n=8); two visits, 3 measurements each (n=1); routine clinic measurements (n=1)	automated (n=6), standard mercury (n=2), random zero (n=1), device used in clinic (n=1), unknown (n=1)	64% usual care, 36% minimal education

^*A total of 121 comparisons from 100 publications and 55,920 participants are included.

Sixteen publications contribute more than one comparison because they have multiple treatment arms.