Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted mean serum levels of liver function, circulatory disease, and metabolic biomarkers across coffee consumption categories among men and women (n=14,800).
| Non-consumers | Categories of coffee consumption | P-trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 Low consumption | Q2 Medium-low consumption | Q3 Medium-high consumption | Q4 High consumption | |||
| Albumin (g/L) ‡ | ||||||
| Men | 46.70 | 46.18 | 46.49 | 46.61 | 46.93 | 0.005 |
| Women | 45.95 | 45.56 | 45.80 | 46.03 | 46.04 | 0.006 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (μkat/L)** | ||||||
| Men | 1.15 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.09 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.01 | <0.0001 |
| Alanine transaminase (ALT) (u/L)** | ||||||
| Men | 25.37 | 24.49 | 24.60 | 24.23 | 23.77 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 17.32 | 17.53 | 17.30 | 17.09 | 16.81 | 0.028 |
| Aspartate transaminase (AST) (u/L) | ||||||
| Men | 32.18 | 30.92 | 29.96 | 29.57 | 29.31 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 26.80 | 26.51 | 26.02 | 25.82 | 25.53 | 0.001 |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) (μkat/L)** | ||||||
| Men | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.51 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.29 | <0.0001 |
| hs-CRP (nmol/L)** | ||||||
| Men | 10.93 | 11.05 | 11.26 | 11.50 | 12.76 | 0.068 |
| Women | 13.56 | 13.20 | 12.22 | 12.00 | 11.01 | <0.0001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; %) ‡ | ||||||
| Men | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 5.50 | 0.028 |
| Women | 5.50 | 5.40 | 5.40 | 5.40 | 5.40 | 0.007 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L (mg/dL)) ‡ | ||||||
| Men | 1.31 (50.65) | 1.32 (50.81) | 1.30 (50.37) | 1.29 (49.81) | 1.28 (49.50) | 0.250 |
| Women | 1.60 (61.64) | 1.62 (62.71) | 1.62 (62.62) | 1.61 (62.24) | 1.62 (62.47) | 0.001 |
| Lipoprotein (a) (μmol/L)** | ||||||
| Men | 14.28 | 14.49 | 14.62 | 14.06 | 13.89 | 0.240 |
| Women | 12.93 | 12.39 | 12.06 | 12.25 | 11.14 | 0.002 |
Multivariable means adjusted for country, smoking status (never, former, current, or missing), age (continuous), body mass index (<22; 22–<25; 25–<30; 30–<35; 35+ kg/m2), alcohol consumption (g/day; continuous), total energy intake (kcal/day; continuous). Categories were based on country-specific quartiles of coffee consumption after exclusion of non-consumers. Quartile cut-offs (in mL) were: Denmark: 500, 900 and 1,300; France: 151, 277 and 437; Germany: 262, 404 and 580; Italy: 60, 90 and 130; The Netherlands: 447, 536 and 768; Spain: 50, 110 and 200; Sweden: 321, 455 and 611; and the United Kingdom: 192, 477 and 855.
Arithmetic mean.
Geometric mean.
Trend tests across exposure groups were calculated by entering the category variables into the models as continuous terms.