Table 5.

Comparison of outcomes between groups at a cross-sectional time point

	Group		Group difference
Measure	Waitlist (n = 66) M (S.D.)	Service Dog (n = 75) M (S.D.)	b	t	d
Depression
PROMIS Depression SF 8a	28.9 (7.4)	22.3 (7.2)	−7.07***	−5.68	−0.91
PHQ-9	17.9 (5.3)	14.0 (5.4)	−4.33***	−4.62	−0.73
Quality of Life
VR-12 Mental Health	24.4 (9.7)	30.9 (10.1)	6.84***	3.87	0.66
VR-12 Physical Health	37.1 (12.3)	36.8 (10.9)	−0.24	−0.12	−0.02
BSPW	−2.7 (2.0)	−0.9 (2.5)	1.86***	4.72	0.81
SWLS	15.0 (5.9)	18.8 (7.9)	3.58**	3.00	0.55
CDRS	18.5 (7.3)	22.8 (8.5)	4.89***	3.67	0.54
Social
PROMIS Ability to Participate in Social Activities SF 8a	16.2 (5.7)	20.8 (6.9)	5.11***	4.83	0.73
PROMIS Social Isolation SF 8a	30.6 (6.3)	26.7 (6.8)	−4.41***	−3.95	−0.60
PROMIS Companionship SF 6a	19.0 (5.4)	22.1 (6.5)	2.00*	2.05	0.52
Work
WPAI – Employed, n (%)	18 (24.7%)	22 (33.3%)	0.30	0.76	−0.19
WPAI – Absenteeisma	27.6 (35.2)	5.0 (8.4)	−22.77*	−2.46	−0.89
WPAI – Impairment at Work (Health)a	52.7 (30.9)	44.4 (25.0)	−7.33	−0.76	−0.29
WPAI – Impairment at Work (Overall)a	64.4 (29.7)	44.8 (27.4)	−19.99†	−2.03	−0.69
WPAI – Activity Impairmenta	62.6 (27.7)	56.3 (26.9)	−9.43*	−1.99	−0.23

M, mean; S.D., standard deviation; b, standardized regression coefficient (reference category: service dog), d, Cohen’s d effect size; CI, confidence interval;

^†p < .10;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001;

PCL, PTSD Checklist; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; SF, short form; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; VR-12 Mental Health, Veteran’s Rand 12 item Health Survey-Mental Health Component; VR-12 Physical Health, Veteran’s Rand 12 item Health Survey-Physical Health Component; BSPW, Bradburn Scale of Psychological Wellbeing; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; CDRS, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; WPAI, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: General Health Problem V2.0

^aAmong veterans who are employed