Table 1.

Characteristics of the study population.

Characteristics of offspring	Siblings exposed to GDM in utero (n = 18)	Siblings not exposed to GDM in utero (n = 18)	P value
Current age (years)	5.8 ± 1.4	9.4 ± 2.5	<0.0001
Sex (male/female)	11/7	10/8	0.999
Maternal age at delivery (years)	34.4 ± 2.5	30.8 ± 2.4	<0.0001
Delivery (NFSD/PSD/C-sec)	6/0/12	5/1/11	0.999
Birth weight (kg)	3.3 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.6	0.671
Current BMI Z-score	0.19 ± 0.73	0.31 ± 0.86	0.594
Current HbA1C (%)	5.3 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.2	0.326
Characteristics of mothers*	During GDM pregnancy (n = 18)
Age (years)	34.4 ± 2.5
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2)	22.7 ± 2.4
BMI at delivery (kg/m2)	28.6 ± 8.2
Cigarette smokers	None
Gestational weeks at 50 g OGTT (weeks)	26 ± 2
Glucose levels at 50 g OGTT (mg/dL)	170 ± 26
Gestational weeks at 100 g OGTT (weeks)	28 ± 2
Glucose levels at 100 g OGTT (mg/dL)
0-hour	97 ± 18
0.5-hour	206 ± 40
2-hour	178 ± 39
3-hour	154 ± 34
Insulin treatments	6 treated (33%)

^*Maternal data during GDM pregnancy only were available.

Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and P values were calculated using paired t-test. Categorical data were presented in counts and tested with Pearson's Chi-square test. BMI Z-score were calculated according 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. NFSD, normal full-term spontaneous delivery; PSD, preterm spontaneous delivery; C-sec, Caesarean section.