Deletion of PBP1 and TIF3 attenuates C. deneoformans virulence in a murine infection model. (A) Virulence was tested for the wild-type (WT) XL280α, cna1∆ (CF637) and pbp1∆ (CF1123) single mutants, and cna1∆ pbp1∆ double mutants (CF1288 and CF1289). (B) Virulence was tested for the WT XL280α, cna1∆ (CF637) and tif3∆ (CF1219 and CF1220) single mutants, and cna1∆ tif3∆ double mutants (CF1252 and CF1256). Strains were grown overnight in YPD liquid medium at 30° and washed with PBS. For each strain, five female A/J mice were inoculated with 5 × 106 cells via intranasal infection, and animal survival was monitored up to 60 days postinfection. P-values for the virulence experiments are provided in the bottom panels.