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. 2017 Nov 29;208(2):687–704. doi: 10.1534/genetics.117.300148

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Root growth defects of rpk1, toad2, and rpk1 toad2/+ mutants. (A) Distribution of root phenotypic classes of single and double mutants [rpk1, n = 130; toad2, rpk1 toad2/+, and wild-type (WT), n = 45]. S = short roots ≤ 15% of WT root length; M = medium roots, between 15 and 70% of WT root length; and L = long roots, average within WT range, ± 2 SD. Both rpk1 and rpk1 toad2/+ genotypes, independent of the alleles tested, show a significantly increased frequency of S-type roots compared to WT (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.05). (B) Morphological defects of RAM (root apical meristem) of roots in the S and M phenotypic classes: representative pictures of longitudinal optical sections of 5 DAG (days after germination) roots stained using a modified pseudo-Schiff propidium iodide (mPS-PI) method). Asterisks indicate the position of cortical endodermal initial (CEI) cells and their daughters. Black arrows indicate regions of abnormal cell division. Red arrowheads mark specific cell files: stele (St), endodermis (En), cortex (Co), and epidermis (E), and red arrows indicate cell types: quiescent center (QC), columella stem cells (CSC), columella cells (CC), and lateral root cap cells (LRC). Bar, 20 µm; n > 10 for each genotype.