Table 1.

Enterobacterial blooms in human diseases and mouse disease models

Species	Source of inflammation	Impact of Blooms	References
Mucosa-associated symbiotic E. coli strains	Patients with inflammatory bowel disease	Monocolonization increased incidence of invasive carcinoma in the IL-10-deficient colorectal cancer mouse model	27
Symbiotic E. coli	C. jejuni-colonized infant mice	Reduced colonization resistance against C. jejuni	35
Enterobacterial species	Mouse oral C. rodentium infection	Unknown	34
Proteobacterial species	Toll-like receptor 5-deficient mice	Transient instability of the gut microbiota	28
Adherent and invasive E. coli (AIEC)	Ileitis in patients with Crohn’s disease	Unknown	30
E. coli isolates with heightened virulence	Isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis	In vitro, enhanced capability to activate NLRP3 inflammation and resistance to macrophage killing.	42
Blooms of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis	T-bet−/− ×Rag2−/−ulcerative colitis (TRUC) mouse model	Oral infection with these strains elicited colitis in Rag2−/− and WT adult mice	41
Salmonella and E. coli	Mouse oral Salmonella model	High densities of Salmonella and E. coli lead to horizontal gene transfer of the colicin-plasmid p2 from Salmonella to E. coli	98
E. coli pathobiont	Ampicillin and neomycin-treated mice	Multidrug-resistant E. coli capable of inducing lethal NAIP5–NLRC4 inflammasome in systemic infection	36
Enterobacterial species	Clindamycin-treated mice	Enhanced susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-induced colitis	29

Abbrevations: C. jejuni, Campylobacter jejuni; E. coli, Escherichia coli; IL-10, interleukin-10; WT, wild type.