Table 4.

FIML Multilevel Models Estimating Prosocial Behavior with Random Intercept Capturing Culture Differences

	Mother-Report Model 1			Mother-Report Model 2			Father-Report Model 1			Father-Report Model 2
	b	SE	p-val	b	SE	p-val	b	SE	p-val	b	SE	p-val
Intercept	2.318	0.382	<.001	2.319	0.381	<.001	2.821	0.448	<.001	2.890	0.447	<.001
Child’s Gender - Male	−0.105	0.042	0.014	−0.107	0.042	0.011	−0.074	0.050	0.141	−0.074	0.050	0.134
Child’s Age	−0.041	0.033	0.212	−0.040	0.033	0.225	−0.042	0.039	0.280	−0.045	0.039	0.247
Family Income	0.005	0.011	0.649	0.003	0.011	0.763	0.011	0.012	0.376	0.009	0.012	0.467
Parental Education	0.001	0.007	0.923	0.002	0.007	0.773	−0.015	0.008	0.068	−0.014	0.008	0.081
Prior Outcome	0.482	0.030	<.001	0.476	0.030	<.001	0.373	0.037	<.001	0.362	0.037	<.001
Within Culture Effects (Deviations from Cultural Mean)
Family Obligations	0.193	0.050	0.000	0.205	0.051	<.001	0.069	0.058	0.233	0.078	0.058	0.176
Parental Monitoring	−0.074	0.051	0.145	−0.073	0.051	0.149	−0.021	0.048	0.654	−0.022	0.047	0.642
Psychological Control (always child-reported)	−0.021	0.033	0.532	−0.040	0.035	0.253	−0.072	0.039	0.068	−0.054	0.043	0.202
Behavioral Control	−0.146	0.048	0.003	−0.131	0.050	0.009	0.004	0.053	0.944	0.026	0.054	0.627
Parental Warmth/Affection	0.167	0.062	0.007	0.211	0.065	0.001	0.121	0.062	0.051	0.156	0.062	0.013
Between Culture Effects (Grand Mean Centered Culture Means)
Family Obligations	0.122	0.105	0.248	0.116	0.105	0.268	0.142	0.129	0.271	0.122	0.128	0.340
Parental Monitoring	−0.179	0.204	0.381	−0.193	0.203	0.344	−0.125	0.204	0.541	−0.102	0.203	0.615
Psychological Control (always child-reported)	0.193	0.133	0.147	0.197	0.132	0.137	0.117	0.146	0.424	0.117	0.145	0.418
Behavioral Control	0.033	0.118	0.778	0.039	0.118	0.740	0.140	0.138	0.312	0.152	0.137	0.268
Parental Warmth/Affection	0.220	0.258	0.393	0.244	0.257	0.341	0.118	0.256	0.645	0.118	0.254	0.643
Interactions between Level 1 and Level 2
Family Obligations				0.104	0.174	0.551				0.058	0.197	0.767
Parental Monitoring				−0.230	0.137	0.093				−0.499	0.156	0.002
Psychological Control (always child-reported)				0.111	0.099	0.260				−0.145	0.114	0.206
Behavioral Control				0.028	0.167	0.866				−0.235	0.215	0.276
Parental Warmth/Affection				0.591	0.242	0.015				0.431	0.241	0.074
Within- & Between-Culture Effect Differences
Family Obligations	−0.072	0.115	0.534				0.073	0.141	0.605
Parental Monitoring	−0.105	0.211	0.620				−0.104	0.208	0.619
Psychological Control (always child-reported)	0.214	0.137	0.119				0.189	0.153	0.218
Behavioral Control	0.180	0.127	0.157				0.136	0.148	0.359
Parental Warmth/Affection	0.053	0.264	0.841				−0.003	0.263	0.991
Intercept Residual Variance	0.000			0.000			0.000			0.000
Level 1 Residual Variance	0.435	0.019	<.0001	0.431	0.019	<.0001	0.452	0.023	<.001	0.443	0.023	<.001

Note: Outcomes and covariates are reported by same reporter unless otherwise noted.