Table 5.

FIML Multilevel Models Estimating Academic Achievement with Random Intercept Capturing Culture Differences

	Mother-Report Model 1			Mother-Report Model 2			Father-Report Model 1			Father-Report Model 2
	b	SE	p-val	b	SE	p-val	b	SE	p-val	b	SE	p-val
Intercept	1.159	0.249	<.001	1.155	0.250	<.001	0.654	0.250	0.011	0.638	0.250	0.013
Child’s Gender - Male	−0.045	0.026	0.081	−0.045	0.026	0.081	−0.029	0.028	0.299	−0.029	0.028	0.293
Child’s Age	−0.010	0.021	0.646	−0.009	0.021	0.672	0.041	0.022	0.063	0.042	0.022	0.052
Family Income	0.022	0.007	0.002	0.023	0.007	0.001	0.011	0.008	0.142	0.010	0.008	0.178
Parental Education	0.012	0.004	0.009	0.010	0.005	0.025	0.016	0.005	0.000	0.016	0.005	0.001
Prior Outcome	0.595	0.028	<.001	0.598	0.029	<.001	0.570	0.030	<.001	0.571	0.030	<.001
Within Culture Effects (Deviations from Cultural Mean)
Family Obligations	0.019	0.031	0.539	0.020	0.031	0.508	0.009	0.033	0.783	0.012	0.033	0.714
Parental Monitoring	−0.083	0.032	0.010	−0.059	0.039	0.132	−0.025	0.028	0.370	0.017	0.036	0.643
Psychological Control (always child-reported)	−0.014	0.020	0.481	−0.016	0.022	0.470	−0.063	0.022	0.004	−0.062	0.025	0.014
Behavioral Control	−0.013	0.029	0.664	−0.013	0.031	0.668	0.005	0.029	0.862	0.011	0.031	0.727
Parental Warmth/Affection	0.065	0.039	0.091	0.056	0.039	0.157	0.088	0.035	0.012	0.091	0.035	0.010
Between Culture Effects (Grand Mean Centered Culture Means)
Family Obligations	0.094	0.090	0.320	0.094	0.091	0.321	−0.109	0.076	0.194	−0.113	0.076	0.176
Parental Monitoring	0.182	0.177	0.329	0.191	0.178	0.310	0.337	0.162	0.076	0.348	0.159	0.066
Psychological Control (always child-reported)	0.221	0.135	0.132	0.221	0.136	0.134	0.408	0.096	0.005	0.404	0.095	0.005
Behavioral Control	−0.240	0.097	0.034	−0.243	0.098	0.033	−0.166	0.081	0.088	−0.170	0.080	0.078
Parental Warmth/Affection	0.067	0.227	0.773	0.059	0.229	0.802	0.382	0.148	0.041	0.383	0.146	0.040
Interactions between Level 1 and Level 2
Family Obligations				−0.031	0.106	0.774				−0.033	0.112	0.767
Parental Monitoring				−0.181	0.184	0.326				−0.379	0.207	0.068
Psychological Control (always child-reported)				0.013	0.065	0.839				0.002	0.070	0.972
Behavioral Control				−0.027	0.105	0.795				−0.108	0.120	0.369
Parental Warmth/Affection				−0.103	0.160	0.520				0.079	0.138	0.568
Within- & Between-Culture Effect Differences
Family Obligations	0.075	0.094	0.437				−0.118	0.083	0.183
Parental Monitoring	0.264	0.180	0.171				0.361	0.164	0.062
Psychological Control (always child-reported)	0.235	0.137	0.114				0.471	0.100	0.002
Behavioral Control	−0.227	0.101	0.045				−0.171	0.085	0.085
Parental Warmth/Affection	0.002	0.230	0.994				0.294	0.152	0.096
Intercept Residual Variance	0.002	0.002	0.154	0.002	0.002	0.149	0.000	0.001	0.436	0.000	0.001	0.452
Level 1 Residual Variance	0.153	0.007	<.001	0.152	0.007	<.001	0.131	0.007	<.001	0.130	0.007	<.001

Note: Outcomes and covariates are reported by same reporter unless otherwise noted.