Fig. 8.

Design instructions for hollowing the hepatic veins and portal veins as well as demonstrating TIPS procedure. a Indicating areas where lumens had to be connected, for example, the lumen of the hepatic veins that need to be connected to the lumen of the inferior vena cava (IVC). b Indicating areas where holes had to be created in the middle hepatic vein and the right portal vein to accommodate each end of the TIPS stent. c, d Design instructions for creating a window in the bifurcation of the portal vein to allow for visibility of the wire during TIPS procedure. The plan for the cut piece areas in the portal vein and the middle hepatic vein that were to be replaced with transparent pieces had to be abandoned due to 3D printability limitations especially given the relatively small size of the structures