Table 1.
Comparison of 3D printed hepatobiliary models
| Ref | Materials/design of phantom | Cost | Model uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| [6] | –Patient-specific liver phantom containing massive hepatocellular carcinoma and rare anatomic vascular variations –Made with a composite material of zp150 –Printed via a Spectrum z™ 510 3D printer |
Not provided | –Pre-operative planning of virtual hepatectomy, taking into account the patient’s rare vascular variations and depth of tumor invasion –Correct diagnosis of rare anatomic variations of abdominal blood vessels |
| [7] | –6 patient-specific liver models (3 from living donors and 3 LDLT recipients) based on patient’s imaging –Uses TangoPlus/VeroClearPlus for liver parenchyma, TangoBlackPlus/VeroBlue for hepatic veins, and TangoPlus/VeroClear blend for other external vessels –Transparent liver parenchyma and color-coded vascular structures –External vessels and biliary structures attached to liver via permanent adhesive –Printed via Connex350 3D printer |
Not provided, but estimated by Kong et al. to be about $1200/model | –Pre-operative visualization of patient-specific vascular and biliary anatomy |
| [8] | –3 types of liver models displaying hepatic segments (1) without parenchyma, (2) with transparent parenchyma, and (3) with hepatic vessels –3D printed by Spectrum z 510 with high-performance composite powder zp150 –Parenchyma of type 2 model made with transparent jelly wax |
$600 per model | –Anatomical teaching of hepatic segments to medical students |
| [9] | –Dilated biliary system based on MRCP image made of 2-mm thick polycarbonate material –3 access ports created in the bile duct to indicate puncture sites –Bile duct and access ports seen under radiography/EUS –Pumped aerated liquid through added IV tubing to create Doppler effect on U/S –Porcine or bovine liver around access ports for realistic tissue interface –Printed via Viper si2 stereolithography system |
Not provided | –Simulation of EUS-guided biliary drainage (anterograde procedure and choledochoduodenostomy) |
| [10] | –Laparoscopic choledochal surgery model based on hepatic anatomy imaging and standard laparoscopic dimensions –Uses free-standing liver mold made with nylon-based powder and includes a cuboid portal into which disposable components representing ducts and the cyst can be placed –Mold is then used to create multiple models employing T28 silicone mold rubber –Printed via 3D Systems ProJet 660Pro printer |
900€ per mold (or $1002.38) | –Simulation of laparoscopic choledochal cyst excision |
| [11] | –Patient-specific liver model with large hepatoblastoma based on CT images –3D printed via Objet500 Connex3 printer using acrylic UV curable resin –Translucent liver parenchyma and inclusion of hepatic and portal veins and IVC in model |
Not provided | –Assist surgical planning in a pediatric patient through determining respectability and understanding patient’s specific anatomy –Perform surgical simulation for hepatoblastoma treatment |