Table 1.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors associated with Pisa syndrome in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
| PD-PS (n = 54) | PD-noPS (n = 36) | Univariable analysis* | Multivariable analysis† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |||
| Age (years) | 66.4 ± 6.4 | 66.9 ± 5.7 | 0.99 | 0.92 to1.06 | 0.761 | — | — | — |
| Male gender (%) | 33 (61.1) | 18 (50) | 1.56 | 0.67 to 3.65 | 0.307 | — | — | — |
| Disease duration (years) | 7.9 ± 3.4 | 8.0 ± 3.5 | 1.00 | 0.88 to1.13 | 0.959 | — | — | — |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 0.70 | 0.20 to 2.53 | 0.589 | — | — | — |
| UPDRS-III | 22.8 ± 5.8 | 22.9 ± 5.5 | 1.00 | 0.93 to 1.08 | 0.954 | — | — | — |
| PD motor subtype (PIGD/TD) | 23/31 | 18/18 | 0.75 | 0.32 to1.74 | 0.498 | — | — | — |
| Abnormal SVV (%) | 45 (83.3) | 1 (2.8) | 113.36 | 18.80 to 683.38 | <0.001 | 18.40 | 2.33 to 145.00 | 0.006 |
| Asymmetry of motor symptoms | 5.5 ± 2.6 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 1.17 | 0.95 to 1.43 | 0.137 | — | — | — |
| Dominant side of motor symptoms (R/L) | 32/22 | 18/18 | 1.44 | 0.62 to 3.37 | 0.396 | — | — | — |
| Canal paresis (%) | ||||||||
| Unilateral | 8 (14.8) | 4 (11.1) | 1.32 | 0.37 to 4.71 | 0.669 | — | — | — |
| No | 46 (85.2) | 17 (85.0) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| EMG patterns of paraspinal muscles (%) | ||||||||
| Unilateral hyperactivity | 38 (70.4) | 0 | 170.34 | 9.50 to 3054.86 | 0.001 | 39.62 | 1.52 to 1035.36 | 0.027 |
| Bilateral hyperactivity | 16 (29.6) | 36 (100.0) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Back pain (%) | 25 (46.3) | 7 (19.4) | 3.40 | 1.28 to 9.00 | 0.014 | 3.36 | 0.60 to 18.71 | 0.167 |
| BBS | 49.4±3.1 | 53.6 ± 1.5 | 0.48 | 0.35 to 0.66 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.50 to 0.99 | 0.046 |
| LEDD (mg) | 593.7±218.0 | 604.0 ± 222.0 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.00 | 0.826 | — | — | — |
| Treatment regimen (%) | ||||||||
| Levodopa + dopamine agonist‡ | 44 (81.5) | 27 (75.0) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Levodopa | 4 (7.4) | 6 (16.7) | 0.43 | 0.09 to 2.00 | 0.434 | — | — | — |
| Dopamine agonist | 6 (11.1) | 3 (8.3) | 1.15 | 0.22 to 6.03 | 1.000 | — | — | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 2.6 | 23.4 ± 3.2 | 1.10 | 0.94 to 1.28 | 0.239 | — | — | — |
| MMSE | 28.0 ± 1.9 | 27.9 ± 1.9 | 1.03 | 0.82 to 1.29 | 0.795 | — | — | — |
| Education (years) | 11.6 ± 3.6 | 11.6 ± 3.9 | 1.00 | 0.90 to 1.12 | 0.962 | — | — | — |
*p values and 95% CI were corrected using Bonferroni’s correction for multiple tests. †Variables with p < 0.2 in univariable analysis were included in multivariable analysis. ‡Reference. BBS: Berg Balance Scale, BMI: body mass index, LEDD: levodopa equivalent daily dose, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination, PIGD: postural instability and gait disturbance, SVV: subjective visual vertical, TD: tremor dominant, UPDRS-III: Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor score.