Table 1.
Summary for the identification of all neuropathology abnormalities in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) brainstem.
| Reference | Enzyme, transmitter, or receptor | Level of brainstem | SIDS cases | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (17) | An immunohistochemical method involving tyrosine hydroxylase | Diencephalon, basal ganglia, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata | 37 | In SIDS, changes in basal ganglia can be induced via repeated ischemia or chronic hypoxia but can be associated with developing a neuronal system to the upper cardiorespiratory control |
| (18) | 5-Hydroxytryptamines (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid | High-performance liquid chromatography and Raphe obscure and PGCL | 35 | SIDS was related with lower TPH2 and 5-HT levels, consistent with a deficiency of medullary 5-HT disorder |
| (13) | Immunohistochemical expression and substance P (SP) | Neuromodulator | 20 | SP localized in fiber structures, with low to high densities |
| (19) | 3H-nicotine | 16 brainstem nuclei | 27 | In the brainstem alcohol and smoking adversely affect 3 H-nicotinic binding |
| (20) | α7 and β2 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) | Rostral medulla and pons | 46 | SIDS infants have a genetic defect acquired in the molecular regulation |
| (21) | γ-Aminobutyric acid | Medulla | 24 | SIDS may essential to include therapeutic agents that target more than one neurotransmitter system |
| (22) | 1A (5HT1AR) | Rostral medulla | 67 | In SIDS cigarette smoke and prone sleeping exposure support serotonergic brainstem system |
| (23) | Serotonergic (5-HT) | Respiratory nuclei and medulla | 16 | An outcome demonstrates that increased neurochemical preliminary evidence that supports boy’s vulnerability to SIDS |
| (24) | Interleukin-2 and cytokine | Cardiorespiratory- and sleep/arousal pathophysiology | 18 | The neuro-molecular disequilibrium results in the delicate molecular balance producing dysfunction in brainstem centers and disturbed homeostasis |
| (25) | Pro-BDNF, rh-BDNF, and TrkB | Rostral medulla | 67 | In the brainstem provides abnormal expression of rh-BDNF, TrkB, and pro-BDNF receptor protein of SIDS and non-SIDS infants |
| (26) | Pontine Kolliker–Fuse nucleus and orexin receptors | Raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus | 28 | KF neurons detection only 20% of SIDS |