Table 3.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis-Test for Differences between the four categories of persons possible Time Perspectives.
| Variableb | Time expansivea | Futuristsa | Reminiscersa | Time restrictivea | F or χ2 | pc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delay of gratification1 | 3.08 (1.08) | 3.17 (1.07) | 2.40 (0.88) | 1.96 (1.28) | 17.61** | 0.001 |
| Delay of gratification2 | 2.68 (1.11) | 2.87 (1.14) | 2.2 (0.95) | 1.81 (1.30) | 10.68* | 0.014 |
| Delay discounting | −5.54 (2.01) | −6.05 (1.64) | −4.88 (0.89) | −5.15 (1.70) | 6.96 | 0.073 |
| Episodic future thinking, future | 38.91 (10.65) | 37.17 (10.33) | 31.47 (8.96) | 33.64 (7.64) | 3.07* | 0.032 |
| Episodic future thinking, atemporal | 39.98 (8.56) | 36.55 (9.18) | 33.56 (9.85) | 34.88 (8.45) | 2.01 | 0.118 |
| Depression, overall | −0.51 (0.60) | −1.10 (0.72) | 0.18 (1.05) | 0.43 (1.23) | 10.31* | 0.016 |
ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis-Test respectively enclosed four different continuative Time Perspective categories. Persons scoring below the median on both the Past and Future orientation formed the time restrictive category. Persons scoring below the median on the Past but above on the Future orientation formed the futurist category. Participants scoring below the median on the Future but above on the Past orientation formed the reminiscers category and subjects scoring above the medians on both orientations formed the time expansive category.
Unless otherwise specified, the data represent means (±SD).
Variables analyzed via ANOVA: Episodic Future Thinking, Future; Episodic Future Thinking, Atemporal. Variables analyzed via Kruskal-Wallis-Test: Delay of Gratification1 (built with the cutoff between 4 and 5 on the snack scale); Delay of Gratification2 (built with the cutoff between 6 and 7 on the snack scale); Delay Discounting.
p-value Kruskal-Wallis-Test and ANOVA.
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01.