Table 1.

Summary of imported melioidosis cases in Japan

Case	Age	Gender	Travel status	Exposure region	Risk factors	Acute or chronic	Duration after exposure	Chief complaints	Clinical manifestations	Shock on admission	Diagnosis	Bacteremia	HIV status	Key treatment	Ceftazidime	Imipenem	Outcome	Year	Reference
1	41	Male	Business trip	Indonesia, Singapore	Diabetes, alcoholic liver dysfunction	Chronic	<2 months	Fever, loss of appetite	Liver abscess, spleen abscess	Absent	Blood culture, pus	Positive	Unknown	Imipenem Minomycin	N/A	N/A	Recurrence	1993	4
2	51	Male	Living in Malaysia	Malaysia	Diabetes, alcoholism	Acute	Unknown	Left knee pain	Lung abscess, osteomyelitis	Absent	Blood culture, pus	Positive	Unknown	Panipenem Ceftazidime Minomycin, TMP-SMX, Tosufloxacin	S	S	Cure	1995	5
3	58	Male	Travel	Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia	Impaired glucose tolerance	Acute	<2 months	Fever	Mycotic aneurysm, pneumonia	Absent	Blood culture	Positive	Unknown	Cefoperazone/Sulbactam Imipenem Minomycin	N/A	S	Cure	1998	6
4	69	Male	Travel	Myanmar	Diabetes	Acute	<2 months	Fever, dyspnea	Cellulitis, lung empyema	Absent	Pleural effusion, wound culture	Negative	Unknown	Panipenem Minomycin	N/A	S	Cure	1999	7
5	44	Male	Living in Thailand	Thailand	Gastric ulcer	Acute	<2 months	General fatigue, left knee pain	Lung abscess, osteomyelitis, subcutaneous abscess	Absent	Blood culture, pus	Positive	Unknown	N/A	N/A	N/A	Unknown	2000	8
6	34	Male	Immigrant from Vietnam	Vietnam	Diabetes	Acute	>6 months	Fever, left epigastric pain	Splenic abscess	Absent	Pus	Negative	Negative	Meropenem Minomycin	S	S	Cure	2002	9
7	65	Male	Travel	Thailand	Diabetes	Acute	<2 months	Fever, dysuria	Pneumonia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritism, prostate and kidney abscess	Absent	Blood culture, joint pus, urine	Positive	Unknown	Meropenem Minomycin	R	S	Recurrence	2007	10
8	64	Male	Travel	Malaysia, Singapore, South China	Gastric ulcer	Acute	>2 months	Persistent low grade fever, weight loss	Prostatic abscess, renal abscess, mediastinal lymph node swelling	Absent	Bronchoalveolar lavage	Unknown	Unknown	Meropenem Minocycline TMP-SMX	S	S	Cure	2007	11
9	69	Male	Business trip	Vietnam	Diabetes	Acute	<2 months	Fever	Pneumonia, septic pulmonary embolism, subcutaneous abscess, spleen and kidney abscess	Absent	Blood culture, pus	Positive	Unknown	Meropenem	S	S	Cure	2011	12
10	64	Male	Travel	Cambodia	Unknown	Acute	<2 months	Fever, cough	Mycotic aneurysm	Absent	Pus	Unknown	Unknown	Imipenem Meropenem	S	S	Cure	2012	13
11	61	Male	Travel	China, Malaysia,Singapore, Thailand	Diabetes, ureter cancer on chemotherapy	Acute	2–6 months	Fever	Bacteremia	Absent	Blood culture	Positive	Unknown	N/A	S	S	Cure	2013	14
12	33	Male	Residence in Malaysia	Malaysia	None	Acute	<2 months	Skin lesions in left femoral region	Subcutaneous abscess	Absent	Pus	Unknown	Unknown	N/A	S	S	Unknown	2015	15
13	41	Male	Immigrant from Philippines	Philippines	Unknown	Acute	<2 months	Fever, left leg pain,	Pneumonia, septic arthritis	Present	Blood culture	Positive	Negative	Doripenem	S	S	Death	2015	16
14	40	Male	Business trip	Indonesia	Unknown	Acute	<2 months	Fever, chills, productive cough, dyspnea	Pneumonia, brain abscess	Present	Blood culture, sputum culture	Positive	Negative	Meropenem Ceftazidime	S	S	Death	2017	17

Abbreviations: S, susceptible; R, resistant; N/A, not available; TMP-SMX, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.