Table 3.

Examination for nociceptive causes of pain in children with SNI.

Eyes—corneal abrasion

Mouth, and throat—dental caries and abscess, gingivitis, tonsillitis

Central lines, implanted devices, shunt catheter sites—malfunction, infection

Gastrostomy tube—gastrostomy tube tension, site infection

Abdomen—constipation, distention

Skin—hair tourniquet or pressure ulcer

Extremities and joints—occult fracture, subluxation [5]