Table 1.

Meta-analyses, conceptual reviews and studies of relatives support the relevance of impairments in general ability, reaction time variability and executive functions to neuropsychiatric conditions known to share genetic underpinnings.

	Neuropsychological weaknesses found in….
	IQ/ General Cognitive		RTV		Executive Functions
					Working Memory		Shifting/ Flexibility		Inhibition/ Interference Control
	Affected Individuals	Relatives	Affected Individuals	Relatives	Affected Individuals	Relatives	Affected Individuals	Relatives	Affected Individuals	Relatives
ADHD	Willcutt et al., 2008a	Kuntsi et al., 2004d; Oerlemans et al., 2015c	Kofler et al., 2013a; Lipszyc & Schachar, 2010a	Wood et al., 2011c; Thissen et al., 2014c	Kasper et al., 2012a; Alderson et al., 2013a	Bidwell et al., 2007c; Oerlemans et al., 2015c	Weak/ inconsistent Willcutt et al., 2008a	Bidwell et al., 2007c	Willcutt et al., 2008a; Lipszyc & Schachar, 2010a	Slaats-Willemse et al., 2007c
BPD	Joseph et al., 2008a; Stefanopoulou et al., 2009*	Morgan et al., 2012c	Not well-studied Bora et al., 2006; Krukow et al., 2017; Kaiser et al., 2008	Brotman et al., 2009	Bora et al., 2009a; Bourne et al., 2013a	Weak/trend-level findings; Doyle et al., 2009; Volkert et al., 2016	Bourne et al., 2013a; Bora et al., 2009a; Stefanopoulou et al., 2009a	Bora et al., 2009a,c	Lipszyc et al., 2010a; Bora et al., 2009a	Bora et al., 2009a,c
ASD	Willcutt et al., 2008a	Fombonne et al., 1997c	Weak evidence; suggest impaired in the presence of ADHD Karalunas et al., 2014b	--	Craig et al., 2016	Inconsistent Mosconi et al., 2010c; McLean et al., 2014c	Willcutt et al., 2008a	Inconsistent Wong et al., 2006c; McLean et al., 2014c	Geurts et al., 2014*	No support; Wong et al., 2006c; McLean et al., 2014c
MDD	--	Morgan et al., 2012c	Kaiser et al., 2008	--	Snyder, 2013; Wagner et al., 2015	--	Stefanopoulou et al., 2009a	--	Lipszyc & Schachar, 2010a	--
SCZ	Willcutt et al., 2008a; Stefanopoulou et al., 2009a; Fioravanti et al., 2012a	Agnew-Blais and Seidman, 2013a,c; Owens et al., 2011d	Kaiser et al., 2008	--	Forbes et al., 2009a; Fioravanti et al., 2012a	Agnew-Blais and Seidman, 2013a; Toulopoulou et al., 2010d; Toulopoulou et al., 2007d	Willcutt et al., 2008a; Stefanopoulou et al., 2009a; Fioravanti et al., 2012a	Agnew-Blais and Seidman, 2013a; Owens et al., 2011d	Lipszyc & Schachar, 2010a; Westerhausen et al., 2011a	Snitz et al., 2006a,c

Note: Rather than an exhaustive review, Table 1 includes representative studies from the literature and emphasizes meta-analyses in youth. Where such analyses are not available, we include meta-analyses of adults or, alternatively, reviews and individual studies. We also note cells where evidence for cognitive impairment is weak or limited. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BPD = bipolar disorder; ASD = autism spectrum disorder; MDD = major depressive disorder; SCZ = schizophrenia.

^aIndicates meta-analysis.

^bIndicates review.

^cIndicates study of first-degree relatives.

^dIndicates twin study.