TABLE 1.
Demographics and perioperative characteristics for 72-hour extubation failure after neonatal congenital heart surgery
| Total population | Extubation success | Extubation failure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
||
| (n = 899) | (n = 796) | (n = 103) | P value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age at admission, d | 0 (0,2) | 0 (0,2) | 0 (0,2) | .99 |
| Age at surgery, d | 7 (4,11) | 7 (4,12) | 7 (3,10) | .43 |
| Weight at admission, kg | 3.2 (2.7,3.5) | 3.2 (2.7,3.5) | 3.2 (2.7,3.5) | .82 |
| Weight-for-age at admission, z-score | −0.4 (−1.4 to 0.4) | −0.4 (−1.4 to 0.4) | −0.4 (−1.5 to 0.3) | .91 |
| Male gender | 523 (58%) | 455 (57%) | 68 (66%) | .09 |
| Prematurity (<37 wk) | 129 (14%) | 112 (14%) | 14 (17%) | .55 |
| Any genetic syndrome | 184 (21%) | 163 (21%) | 21 (20%) | .99 |
| DiGeorge | 35 (4%) | 32 (4%) | 3 (3%) | .78 |
| Trisomy 21 | 24 (3%) | 21 (3%) | 3 (3%) | .75 |
| Turner’s | 10 (1%) | 9 (1%) | 1 (1%) | .99 |
| Other | 115 (13%) | 101 (13%) | 14 (14%) | .76 |
| Noncardiac structural anomalies | 162 (18%) | 138 (17%) | 24 (23%) | .14 |
| Both a noncardiac structural anomalies and a genetic syndrome | 80 (9%) | 69 (9%) | 11 (11%) | .50 |
| Airway anomaly | 36 (4%) | 26 (3%) | 10 (10%) | .005 |
| Preoperative mechanical ventilation | 363 (40%) | 316 (40%) | 47 (46%) | .29 |
| Operative characteristics | ||||
| Society of Thoracic Surgeons–European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Congenital Heart Surgery mortality category | ||||
| Category 1 | 58 (7%) | 53 (7%) | 5 (5%) | .67 |
| Category 2 | 130 (15%) | 118 (15%) | 12 (12%) | .46 |
| Category 3 | 172 (19%) | 155 (20%) | 17 (17%) | .51 |
| Category 4 | 375 (42%) | 326 (41%) | 49 (48%) | .20 |
| Category 5 | 156 (17%) | 138 (17%) | 18 (18%) | .99 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass | 667 (74%) | 585 (74%) | 82 (80%) | .19 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time, min | 112 (80,162) | 112 (80,163) | 111 (81,148) | .71 |
| Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest | 343 (51%) | 298 (52%) | 45 (55%) | .56 |
| Delayed sternal closure | 258 (29%) | 223 (28%) | 35 (34%) | .21 |
| Pre-extubation events | ||||
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 33 (4%) | 29 (4%) | 4 (4%) | .78 |
| Extracorporeal life support | 52 (6%) | 42 (5%) | 10 (10%) | .08 |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 17 (2%) | 13 (2%) | 4 (4%) | .12 |
| Any infection | 31 (3%) | 27 (3%) | 4 (4%) | .77 |
| Stroke | 8 (1%) | 8 (1%) | 0 | .61 |
| Seizures | 23 (3%) | 22 (3%) | 1 (1%) | .50 |
| Inhaled nitric oxide | 191 (21%) | 160 (20%) | 31 (30%) | .03 |
| Vocal cord dysfunction | 5 (0.5%) | 4 (0.5%) | 1 (1%) | .46 |
| Diaphragmatic paralysis | 4 (0.4%) | 3 (0.4%) | 1 (1%) | .39 |
| Weekend extubation | 188 (21%) | 173 (22%) | 15 (15%) | .10 |
| Any unplanned extubation | 5 (0.6%) | 5 (0.6%) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Total mechanical ventilation, h | 70 (26–144) | 69 (25–141) | 95 (43–170) | .03 |
Median (25th, 75th percentiles) or number (percentage) are reported. P value calculated with chi-square or Fisher exact test for categoric variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables.