Fig. 1.

The mechanisms of AMPK activation by various factors present in the tumor microenvironment. a The regulation of AMPK activity under normal conditions. b The mechanisms of AMPK activation by energy stress, matrix detachment and oxidative stress. c The mechanisms of AMPK activation by hypoxia. See text for details. Arrows denote activation, whereas horizontal bars indicate inhibition. PS protein synthesis, FAS fatty acid synthesis, FAO fatty acid oxidation, mtROS mitochondrial reactive oxygen species