Table A.1.

Random-effects moderator analyses done separately for attitudes, intentions, and behaviors.

			Attitudes			Intentions			Behaviors
MBA Aspect	Variable	Level	d	95% CI	k	d	95% CI	k	d	95% CI	k
Message	Efficacy statements	Included	.39	[.13, .64]	38	.40	[.30, .49]	61	.43	[.20, .66]	32
		Excluded	.14	[.04, .25]	72	.27	[.17, .36]	100	.14	[−.05, .33]	38
	Depicted susceptibility and severity	Both	.22	[.05, .38]	33	.35	[.23, .47]	62	.44	[.24, .63]	29
		Susceptibility	.48	[−.51, 1.47]	6	.37	[.15, .59]	18	.45	[.01, .88]	2
		Severity	.22	[.06, .37]	62	.29	[.20, .39]	68	.17	[−.08, .42]	34
		Neither	.19	[−.05, .43]	9	.20	[−.10, .49]	7	.02	[−.22, .26]	4
Behavior	One-time versus repeated	One-time	.38	[.17, .59]	48	.46	[.35, .57]	48	.49	[.24, .74]	26
		Repeated	.11	[−.00, .22]	62	.24	[.16, .33]	115	.15	[−.02, .33]	44
	Detection versus promotion/prevention	Detection	.22	[.03, .42]	16	.46	[.33, .58]	35	.23	[−.15, .61]	12
		PP	.22	[.10, .35]	94	.27	[.19, .34]	128	.28	[.12, .45]	58
	Death and self-esteem	SEE, DP	.10	[−.32, .51]	6	.36	[.14, .58]	8	.61	[−.30, 1.53]	5
		SEE, DA	−.10	[−.33, .14]	4	.35	[.14, .56]	20	−.74	[−1.48, .01]	3
		SEH, DP	−.29	[−.87, .29]	7	.05	[−.23, .32]	14	−.02	[−.62, .59]	4
		SEH, DA	.42	[.01, .83]	1	.54	[.13, .95]	4	.39	[−1.56, 2.35]	2
	Death and delay	DP, same day	.03	[−.13, .19]	33	.21	[.10, .32]	49	.35	[−.11, .82]	11
		DP, 1–14 days	.10	[−.41, .60]	1	–	–	–	.95	[.33, 1.57]	4
		DP, 14+ days	.68	[.37, .98]	4	.22	[−.10, .55]	2	.21	[.06, .36]	9
		DA, same day	.36	[.20, .51]	54	.37	[.27, .46]	91	.27	[.03, .52]	23
		DA, 1–14 days	−.15	[−.31, .02]	9	.34	[.04, .65]	12	−.17	[−.46, .13]	13
		DA, 14+ days	.44	[−.57, 1.45]	6	.25	[.05, .45]	8	.48	[.11, .85]	10
Audience	Culture	Collectivist	.08	[−.18, .34]	10	.51	[.32, .70]	22	.41	[.10, .71]	14
		Individualist	.24	[.12, .36]	100	.27	[.20, .35]	141	.24	[.07, .41]	56
	Stages of change	Early	.32	[.17, .47]	69	.31	[.22, .39]	98	.24	[.05, .43]	46
		Late	.42	[.07, .77]	9	.22	[.03, .42]	21	.61	[−.32, 1.53]	5

Note: SE = Self-esteem. DP = Death present in message. DA = Death absent in message. PP = Promotion/prevention. SEE = Self-esteem enhancing recommended behaviors. SEH = Self-esteem hindering recommended behaviors. d = Standardized mean effect size estimated meta-analytically for the indicated moderator level. 95% CI = The 95% confidence interval for d. k = The number of studies for each moderator level. Dash (−) indicates there were no observations at a particular moderator level.