Table 5.

Moderator analysis results for categorical moderators.

MBA Aspect	Variable	Level	d	95% CI	k
Message	Efficacy statements	Included	.43	[.31, .55]	92
		Excluded	.21	[.13, .29]	154
	Depicted susceptibility and severity	Both	.39	[.28, .50]	78
		Susceptibility	.43	[.08, .79]	20
		Severity	.23	[.13, .33]	125
		Neither	.12	[−.03, .27]	17
Behavior	One-time versus repeated	One-time	.43	[.30, .56]	82
		Repeated	.21	[.14, .29]	166
	Detection versus promotion/prevention	Detection	.35	[.21, .49]	40
		PP	.27	[.20, .35]	208
	Death and self-esteem	SEE, DP	.39	[.11, .67]	15
		SEE, DA	.22	[−.04, .47]	23
		SEH, DP	−.11	[−.41, .18]	18
		SEH, DA	.48	[.00, .96]	6
	Death and delay	DP, same day	.16	[.04, .27]	70
		DP, 1–14 days	.79	[.21, 1.37]	5
		DP, 14+ days	.35	[.19, .51]	14
		DA, same day	.34	[.25, .44]	124
		DA, 1–14 days	.02	[−.29, .33]	18
		DA, 14+ days	.46	[.03, .88]	13
Audience	Culture	Collectivist	.47	[.27, .66]	29
		Individualist	.26	[.19, .33]	219
	Stage of change	Early	.30	[.21, .40]	150
		Late	.34	[.14, .54]	30

Note: SE = Self-esteem. DP = Death present in message. DA = Death absent in message. PP = Promotion/prevention. SEE = Self-esteem enhancing recommended behaviors. SEH = Self-esteem hindering recommended behaviors. d = Standardized mean effect size estimated meta-analytically for the indicated moderator level. 95% CI = The 95% confidence interval for d. k = The number of studies for each moderator level.