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. 2018 Jan 30;8:1894. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19972-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Physical characterization of pristine anatase. (a) XRD spectrum of anatase used in this study. The black lines are data for standard anatase. (b) XPS spectrum for anatase used in this study. Adventitious carbon was used as reference. (c) Ground state absorption spectrum of anatase showing bandgap (3.2 eV) estimation. (d) XPS high resolution valence band spectrum for anatase showing the edge of valence band at 2.05 eV. (e) XPS high resolution Ti 2p spectrum for anatase showing the Ti 2p_3/2 peak at 458.1 eV and Ti 2p_1/2 peak at 463.8 eV. (f) XPS high resolution O 1 s spectrum for anatase. Peaks at 529.3 eV, 530.5 eV and 531.7 eV are attributed to oxygen in the TiO₂ lattice, surface Ti-OH and physisorbed water, respectively.