Fig. 10.

Effect of interspecific competition on tipping point dynamics. For networks $A$ (A and B) and $B$ (C and D), ensemble-averaged pollinator abundance (A and C) vs. $f_n$ and ensemble-averaged plant abundance (B and D) vs. $f_l$. The intraspecific and interspecific competitions are incorporated into the model the same way as in Fig. 9. The parameters are $h=0.2$, $t=0.5$, ${\alpha }_i^{(A)}={\alpha }_i^{(P)}=-0.3$, ${\mu }_A={\mu }_P={10}^{-4}$, ${\gamma }_0=1.0$, and $\kappa =0$. While interspecific competition somewhat reduces the species abundances, the emergence of the tipping point is not affected.