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. 2018 Jan 30;8:1866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20251-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Triple-function imaging of cAMP, Ca²⁺, and ATP. (a) Schematic illustration of the triple-function/four-colour imaging in glucose-responsive MIN6 cells. (b,c) Fluorescence signal changes in B-GECO1, ATeam1.03, and R-FlincA in response to glucose. Averaged traces of a population of MIN6 cells Bars represent ± SEM (N = 99 cells). (b) or individual cells (c). (d) A Venn diagram showing the heterogeneous activation of second messengers. Values are percentages of responding cells out of the total cells (N_total = 99 cells).